{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T18:21:11Z","timestamp":1774635671346,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82204926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82204926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7242258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7242258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7254519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7254519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025T181081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025T181081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025M773966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M773966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aims to evaluate the associations of long-term exposure to five major air pollutants (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      , PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      , NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and CO) with sleep duration and quality among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used data from 14856 adults aged 45 and above participating in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Changes in nocturnal sleep duration between baseline (2015) and follow-up (2018) were categorized into three groups: reductions \u22651\u2009h, 1.5\u2009h, or 2\u2009h. The increase in the number of days with restless sleep at follow-up was defined as a deterioration in sleep quality. We used the STET model to estimate air pollution exposure and calculate the concentration differences over 1- or 2-year periods preceding each interview. We investigated the associations of exposure differences to five pollutants with sleep duration and quality through generalized linear mixed and ordinal logistic regression models. Interaction analyses were employed to identify potential effect modifiers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All 1-year exposure differences to air pollution positively correlated with reductions in sleep duration of both \u22651.5\u2009h and \u22652\u2009h. CO exposure demonstrated the highest risk for a\u2009\u2265\u20091.5\u2009h reduction (OR = 1.451; 95% CI: 1.065\u20131.975) and a\u2009\u2265\u20092\u2009h reduction (OR = 1.557; 95% CI: 1.135\u20132.135) per 1 \u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      increment. Higher exposure levels to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      , PM\n                      <jats:sub>10,<\/jats:sub>\n                      NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      correlated with elevated risks of sleep quality deterioration. NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure demonstrated the highest risk, with a 22.3% higher risk per 10 \u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      increment (95% CI: 1.039\u20131.439). Pollutants affected sleep duration and quality in varying temporal patterns. Overall, 1-year exposure difference considerably impacted the sleep duration, while 2-year exposure difference significantly impacted the sleep quality. We also found that the air pollution\u2019s adverse impacts on sleep quality were especially significant for those living in urban areas.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with adverse sleep outcomes in middle-aged and older populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:44:25Z","timestamp":1774633465000},"page":"e0336665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of long-term exposure to air pollution with sleep among middle-aged and older adults in China: A nationwide study from 2015 to 2018"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3494-3636","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jing","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zirong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengchuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miaoran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336665.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0098-9","article-title":"Exploring phylogeny to find the function of sleep","volume":"20","author":"RC Anafi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336665.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.131487","article-title":"Perfect timing: circadian rhythms, sleep, and immunity - an NIH workshop summary","volume":"5","author":"JA Haspel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0336665.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac192","article-title":"Bidirectional links of daily sleep quality and duration with pain and self-rated health in older adults\u2019 daily lives","volume":"78","author":"AJ L\u00fccke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336665.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00799-w","article-title":"Overnight neuronal plasticity and adaptation to emotional distress","volume":"25","author":"Y Cabrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336665.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-025-00395-6","article-title":"Divergent biological pathways linking short and long sleep durations to mental and physical health","volume":"3","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Mental Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336665.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2022.02.003","article-title":"Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders in older adults","volume":"17","author":"JH Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.02.039","article-title":"Association between the self-reported duration and quality of sleep and cognitive function among middle-aged and older adults in China","volume":"304","author":"M Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0336665.ref008","article-title":"Longitudinal Sleep Patterns and Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults","volume":"6","author":"SA Keil","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336665.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172100297X","article-title":"The bidirectional association of 24-h activity rhythms and sleep with depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly persons","volume":"53","author":"M de Feijter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.7974","article-title":"Changes in sleep patterns, genetic susceptibility, and incident cardiovascular disease in China","volume":"7","author":"T Diao","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336665.ref011","article-title":"Sleep quality of college students in Fujian and its influencing factors: A cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"F Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S482763","article-title":"Investigation of Sleep Disorders and Related Influencing Factors Among the Elderly in Southeast Coastal Regions of China: A Cross-Sectional Survey Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336665.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01785-5","article-title":"Exome sequencing identifies genes associated with sleep-related traits","volume":"8","author":"C-J Fei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336665.ref014","first-page":"100312","article-title":"Overview of particulate air pollution and human health in China: Evidence, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innovation (Camb)"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2024.103112","article-title":"Global air quality inequality over 2000\u20132020","volume":"130","author":"L Sager","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2024.04.005","article-title":"Association of air pollution with risk and severity of obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"T Alrahbeni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.138254","article-title":"Long-term exposure to major constituents of fine particulate matter and sleep disorders among children and adolescents: A population-based survey in Guangdong province, China","volume":"492","author":"Q-G Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120316","article-title":"The impact of short-term exposure to criteria air pollutants on sleep disturbance among young adults: A nationwide analysis in 261 Chinese cities","volume":"264","author":"C Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336665.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03596-5","article-title":"Air pollution and risk of 32 health conditions: outcome-wide analyses in a population-based prospective cohort in Southwest China","volume":"22","author":"H Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336665.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02801-1","article-title":"The long-term and short-term effects of ambient air pollutants on sleep characteristics in the Chinese population: big data analysis from real world by sleep records of consumer wearable devices","volume":"21","author":"P Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2019.07.002","article-title":"Air pollution as a cause of sleeplessness: Social media evidence from a panel of Chinese cities","volume":"98","author":"A Heyes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management"},{"issue":"26","key":"pone.0336665.ref022","article-title":"Passage of exogeneous fine particles from the lung into the brain in humans and animals","volume":"119","author":"Y Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117602","article-title":"Genetic evidence for the causal effects of air pollution on the risk of respiratory diseases","volume":"290","author":"Y Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336665.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39797-4","article-title":"Global air pollution exposure and poverty","volume":"14","author":"J Rentschler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10082","key":"pone.0336665.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015","volume":"389","author":"AJ Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336665.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010","article-title":"National Sleep Foundation\u2019s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary","volume":"1","author":"M Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336665.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-022-00210-2","article-title":"The brain structure and genetic mechanisms underlying the nonlinear association between sleep duration, cognition and mental health","volume":"2","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112775","article-title":"Full-coverage mapping and spatiotemporal variations of ground-level ozone (O3) pollution from 2013 to 2020 across China","volume":"270","author":"J Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336665.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-3273-2020","article-title":"Improved 1\u2009km resolution PM 2.5 estimates across China using enhanced space\u2013time extremely randomized trees","volume":"20","author":"J Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106290","article-title":"The ChinaHighPM10 dataset: generation, validation, and spatiotemporal variations from 2015 to 2019 across China","volume":"146","author":"J Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336665.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-1511-2023","article-title":"Ground-level gaseous pollutants (NO 2, SO 2, and CO) in China: daily seamless mapping and spatiotemporal variations","volume":"23","author":"J Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336665.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr597","article-title":"MissForest--non-parametric missing value imputation for mixed-type data","volume":"28","author":"DJ Stekhoven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref033","unstructured":"WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240034228"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108841","article-title":"Exposures to particulate matters and childhood sleep disorders-A large study in three provinces in China","volume":"190","author":"Z-H Gui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.111956","article-title":"Association of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution with the incidence of sleep disorders: A cohort study in China","volume":"211","author":"Z Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.07.032","article-title":"Effects of atmospheric particulate matter pollution on sleep disorders and sleep duration: a cross-sectional study in the UK biobank","volume":"74","author":"L Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183362","article-title":"The Association between Air Pollution and Sleep Duration: A Cohort Study of Freshmen at a University in Beijing, China","volume":"16","author":"H Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.115177","article-title":"Effects of air pollution and residential greenness on sleep disorder: A 8-year nationwide cohort study","volume":"220","author":"F Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108348","article-title":"Heatwave exposure in relation to decreased sleep duration in older adults","volume":"183","author":"W Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336665.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10196-y","article-title":"Declines in mental health associated with air pollution and temperature variability in China","volume":"10","author":"T Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115726","article-title":"Short-term and intermediate-term fine particulate air pollution are synergistically associated with habitual sleep variability in adolescents - A cross-sectional study","volume":"227","author":"F He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.012","article-title":"Prenatal particulate air pollution exposure and sleep disruption in preschoolers: Windows of susceptibility","volume":"124","author":"S Bose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105205","article-title":"Is long-term exposure to air pollution associated with poor sleep quality in rural China?","volume":"133","author":"G Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336665.ref044","first-page":"27","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Common Questions and Answers","volume":"110","author":"B Gawrys","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.036","article-title":"Physical activity attenuates the association of long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide with sleep quality and its dimensions in Chinese rural older adults","volume":"349","author":"H Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118336","article-title":"Association between gaseous air pollutants and biomarkers of systemic inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"292","author":"Z Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.179","article-title":"Air pollution and its effects on the immune system","volume":"151","author":"DA Glencross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.01.010","article-title":"Influence of exposure to coarse, fine and ultrafine urban particulate matter and their biological constituents on neural biomarkers in a randomized controlled crossover study","volume":"101","author":"L Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111533","article-title":"Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter, lung function and cognitive performance: A prospective Dutch cohort study on the underlying routes","volume":"201","author":"B Aretz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0336665.ref050","first-page":"549","article-title":"The Importance of the Pineal Gland","volume":"121","author":"B Hauns","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103007","article-title":"How does air pollution affect travel behavior? A big data field study","volume":"99","author":"Y Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"key":"pone.0336665.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.01.023","article-title":"Prevalence of insomnia and associations with depression, anxiety among adults in guangdong, China: A large-scale cross-sectional study","volume":"115","author":"W Shan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336665.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.08.001","article-title":"Exposure to neighborhood green space and sleep: evidence from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin","volume":"4","author":"BS Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336665","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:44:35Z","timestamp":1774633475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336665"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kwang-Sig","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336665","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]}}}