{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T18:05:50Z","timestamp":1780423550613,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Local electrolyte drinks in Bangladesh are produced without approval from the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI). Hence, this study aimed to identify foodborne bacteria from electrolyte drinks and their antimicrobial resistance profiles to assess microbiological safety. A total of 40 electrolyte drink samples, representing 9 local brands in Dhaka, were evaluated for microbiological quality. Bacteria were present in all samples. Around 40% of the samples exceeded the aerobic plate count limit established by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Additionally, 55% of the samples tested positive for fecal contamination, surpassing the accepted limit set by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Both Gram-negative (\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp\n                    <jats:italic>.)<\/jats:italic>\n                    and Gram-positive (\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp\n                    <jats:italic>.)<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteria were identified. Each sample contained more than one bacterial species. A total of 110 isolates from each culture-positive sample were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility. Multidrug resistance varied among all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. The highest level of resistance was seen in broad-spectrum antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefepime). About 28% of Gram-positive and 19% of Gram-negative bacteria were hemolytic. Coagulase was found in 34% of the\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Moreover, 26% of the Gram-positive and 30% of the Gram-negative isolates were found to be resistant to human serum treatment. Such resistant bacteria found in popular electrolyte drinks thus represent a major health risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T17:31:28Z","timestamp":1780421488000},"page":"e0336888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbiological quality assessment of potential pathogenic bacteria and multidrug resistance patterns in commercial electrolyte drinks in Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4742-8632","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sananda","family":"Saha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha Maliha","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6347-1836","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fahim Kabir Monjurul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0336888.ref001","author":"Ldn LYMSR","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.01.024","article-title":"An overview of microorganisms and factors contributing for the microbial stability of carbonated soft drinks","volume":"82","author":"DRP Azeredo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Research International"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336888.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-02801-4","article-title":"Microbiological contamination profile in soft drinks","volume":"204","author":"MMN Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/128697","article-title":"Health safety of soft drinks: contents, containers, and microorganisms","volume":"2015","author":"D Kregiel","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-859","article-title":"The bacteriological quality of different brands of bottled water available to consumers in Ile-Ife, south-western Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"OA Igbeneghu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336888.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2164","article-title":"Microbiological quality assessment (including antibiogram and threat assessment) of bottled water","volume":"9","author":"B Gautam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336888.ref007","article-title":"The microbiological quality of fruit containing soft drinks from Chennai","volume":"3","author":"T Jayalakshmi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2023.104368","article-title":"Quantitative microbial spoilage risk assessment caused by fungi in sports drinks through multilevel modelling","volume":"116","author":"FG Ramos Guerrero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336888.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6030060","article-title":"Knowledge and behavior of Saudi college athletes toward energy and sports drinks with an emphasis on microbial quality and safety","volume":"6","author":"SO Aljaloud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref010","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref011","article-title":"Notification of the Ministry of Public Health (No. 195) B.E. 2543 (2000) re: Electrolyte drinks","author":"K Thupparungsri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Government Gazette"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref012","author":"Administrator","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref013","article-title":"BAM Chapter 3: Aerobic Plate Count","volume-title":"Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM)","author":"L Maturin","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336888.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000096","article-title":"Comparing conventional, biochemical and genotypic methods for accurate identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Sudan","volume":"2","author":"EA Osman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Access Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-021-00057-4","article-title":"Prevalence, diversity of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli and associated risk factors in well water in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"B Odetoyin","year":"2022","journal-title":"One Health Outlook"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0336888.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.7.1654-1660.1992","article-title":"Detection of Staphylococcus aureus by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the nuc gene","volume":"30","author":"OG Brakstad","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0336888.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1139\/w04-055","article-title":"PCR-based identification of Staphylococcus epidermidis targeting gseA encoding the glutamic-acid-specific protease","volume":"50","author":"Y Ikeda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27862-3","article-title":"Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infesting a backyard chicken farm in Greece","volume":"13","author":"G Sioutas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336888.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.5.2074-2079.2004","article-title":"PCR-based assay for differentiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from other Pseudomonas species recovered from cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"42","author":"T Spilker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref020","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0577-3","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for detection of the Vibrio genus and five pathogenic Vibrio species with primer sets designed using comparative genomics","volume":"15","author":"H-J Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0336888.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13100949","article-title":"Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Other Staphylococcus Species in Raw Meat Samples Intended for Human Consumption in Benin City, Nigeria: Implications for Public Health","volume":"13","author":"EO Igbinosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801105010091","article-title":"The Prevalence of ESBLs Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates in Some Major Hospitals, Iran","volume":"5","author":"S Ghafourian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Microbiol J"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref024","first-page":"332","article-title":"Detection of TEM & SHV genes in Escherichia coli & Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in a tertiary care hospital from India","volume":"132","author":"J Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrp.2014.10.011","article-title":"TEM and SHV Genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Cockroaches and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern","volume":"6","author":"A Doosti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/303104","article-title":"Carbapenemase Genes among Multidrug Resistant Gram Negative Clinical Isolates from a Tertiary Hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania","volume":"2014","author":"MF Mushi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336888.ref027","first-page":"277","article-title":"Distribution of adeB and NDM-1 genes in multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from infected wound of patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh","volume":"39","author":"MJ Hasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.08.019","article-title":"An outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 carbapenemase in western China","volume":"31","author":"Z Zong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref029","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2024","edition":"34"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref030","volume-title":"Methods for antimicrobial dilution and disk susceptibility testing of infrequently isolated or fastidious bacteria","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336888.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"A-P Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.46.1.165-170.1983","article-title":"Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods","volume":"46","author":"PH Krumperman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref033"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref034"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336888.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2009.00538.x","article-title":"Serum resistance and biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"55","author":"LB King","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336888.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01820.x","article-title":"Serum resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii through the binding of factor H to outer membrane proteins","volume":"301","author":"SW Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04029-w","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii from environmental waters in Dhaka City, Bangladesh","volume":"25","author":"MA Hossain","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336888.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.5395\/JKACD.2005.30.4.335","article-title":"A study on the hemolytic properties ofPrevotella nigrescens","volume":"30","author":"J-S Kwak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Korean Acad Conserv Dent"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0336888.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.3390\/w13152026","article-title":"Quality assessment of bottled and unbottled drinking water in Bangladesh","volume":"13","author":"MR Uddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2019.e00223","article-title":"Levels of microbial contamination in non-alcoholic beverages from selected eastern Ethiopian towns markets","volume":"7","author":"A Hiko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific African"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336888.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.01.014","article-title":"Bacterial contaminants in carbonated soft drinks sold in Bangladesh markets","volume":"130","author":"MA Akond","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(02)00193-9","article-title":"Microbial quality of domestic and imported brands of bottled water in Trinidad","volume":"81","author":"J Bharath","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336888.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000657","article-title":"Effect of electrolyte addition to rehydration drinks consumed after severe fluid and energy restriction","volume":"29","author":"LJ James","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336888.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030585","article-title":"The Impact of a Commercial Electrolyte Beverage on the Hydration Status of Active Men and Women","volume":"17","author":"C Boyd-Shiwarski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0336888.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3578","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2023.200","article-title":"Microbial contamination analysis of drinking water from bulk dispensers and fast-food restaurants in the Eastern Coachella Valley, California","volume":"23","author":"TD Hile","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2024.101218","article-title":"Microbial diversity and ecology of bottled water","volume":"60","author":"DM Boas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Food Science"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801812010200","article-title":"Mycological and Bacteriological Quality and Safety of Bottled Water in Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"TL Bedada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Microbiol J"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref048","year":"2005"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336888.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.6.3060-3067.2005","article-title":"Survival of probiotic lactobacilli in acidic environments is enhanced in the presence of metabolizable sugars","volume":"71","author":"BM Corcoran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336888.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation10060298","article-title":"The Impact of Physicochemical Conditions on Lactic Acid Bacteria Survival in Food Products","volume":"10","author":"B Sionek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336888.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4172\/1948-5948.1000393","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin Resistant S. aureus in Commercial Soft Drink with Antimicrobial Resistance Test on Isolates in Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"A Hiko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Microb Biochem Technol"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref052","article-title":"Effect of spices, pH and temperature on the survival and multiplication of Staphylococcus aureus in locally made soya milk drink","author":"MI Nwike","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Sciences Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336888.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03832-22","article-title":"Pre-exposure of foodborne Staphylococcus aureus isolates to organic acids induces cross-adaptation to mild heat","volume":"11","author":"X Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiology Spectrum"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.88.1.1-3.1964","article-title":"Tolerance of staphylococcus aureus to sodium chloride","volume":"88","author":"IA Parfentjev","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0336888.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-50.11.968","article-title":"Effect of Sodium Chloride on Uptake of Substrate by Staphylococcus aureus 196E","volume":"50","author":"JL Smith","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0336888.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11101503","article-title":"The response and survival mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus under high salinity stress in salted foods","volume":"11","author":"Y Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref057","article-title":"Effects of NaCl concentrations on growth patterns, phenotypes associated with virulence, and energy metabolism in Escherichia coli BW25113","volume":"12","author":"F Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0336888.ref058","first-page":"291","article-title":"Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Drinking Water Across Twelve Regions of Ghana: Strengthening Evidence for National Surveillance","volume":"10","author":"KE Quansah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336888.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3329\/dujps.v24i2.86352","article-title":"Trends in Antibiotic Resistance Among Bacterial Isolates from Diverse Water Samples Across Dhaka City, Bangladesh","volume":"24","author":"HZ Himi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120075","article-title":"A systematic scoping review of antibiotic-resistance in drinking tap water","volume":"263","author":"I Federigi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422137","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1422137","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance-genes in drinking water source in north Shoa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"TA Abebe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref062","first-page":"7","article-title":"Microbiological quality assessment for drug resistant pathogenic microorganisms from the fresh vended fruit juices","volume":"6","author":"NA Lucky","year":"2017","journal-title":"SJ Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336888.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020481","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant Listeria Species Shows Abundance in Environmental Waters of a Key District Municipality in South Africa","volume":"18","author":"L Mpondo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0336888.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-13117-9","article-title":"Bacterial isolates from drinking water river sources exhibit multi-drug resistant trait","volume":"196","author":"BM Popoola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336888.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061090","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from household water supply in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"PK Talukdar","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0336888.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13112451","article-title":"Resistance trends in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from bloodstream infections in a tertiary care hospital over a period of 7 years","volume":"13","author":"AM Borcan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.4102\/AJLM.v13i1.2268","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance trends in clinical Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"AA Kitaba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Afr J Lab Med"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2024.06.018","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance rates in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strains: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"M Beig","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336888.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323909","article-title":"Epidemiology and molecular characterisation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from chicken meat","volume":"20","author":"H Khanom","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336888.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315938","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli in urban and peri-urban garden ecosystems in Bangladesh","volume":"20","author":"PK Pramanik","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336888.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030274","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiogram pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii from 2013 to 2023 in a tertiary care hospital in the western region of Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"O Alharbi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587132","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1587132","article-title":"Distribution patterns and evolution of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria within the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital from 2019 to 2024","volume":"16","author":"X Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0336888.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14111075","article-title":"Occurrence and antibiotic resistance risk burden of Vibrio mimicus isolates from seafood and aquatic environments","volume":"14","author":"TC Ekundayo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0336888.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071566","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance and Characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Seafood Distributed in South Korea from 2021 to 2022","volume":"13","author":"J Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336888.ref075","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among animals in Malaysia for the past 15 years: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"SA Elmi","year":"2025","journal-title":"VIS"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S482375","article-title":"Shifting of Distribution and Changing of Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Positive Bacteria from Bile of Patients with Acute Cholangitis","volume":"18","author":"Y Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0336888.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2023.0004","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Meat Products: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"BA Tayeb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04792-y","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Listeria spp. isolated from raw fish","volume":"21","author":"M So\u0142tysiuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336888.ref079","first-page":"126","article-title":"Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern and Plasmid Profile of Bacteria Isolated from Public Motorcycle Helmets","volume":"4","author":"O Ezeokoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Microbiological Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3923\/jfrs.2018.1.7","article-title":"Microbiological Evaluation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria Associated with \u2018Burukutu\u2019, a Non-alcoholic Beverage","volume":"7","author":"O Oladiti Ol","year":"2017","journal-title":"J of Food Resource Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0336888.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-13117-9","article-title":"Bacterial isolates from drinking water river sources exhibit multi-drug resistant trait","volume":"196","author":"BM Popoola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1239-z","article-title":"Molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food surveillance in southwest China","volume":"18","author":"F Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010075","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of coagulase positive staphylococci from food products and human specimens in Egypt","volume":"10","author":"EE Abdeen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03653-2","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chicken and their respective farms environment in Malaysia","volume":"24","author":"M Lemlem","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1975-9","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM genes in extended- spectrum \u03b2- lactamase- producing E. coli isolates from broiler farms in the Philippines","volume":"15","author":"RS Gundran","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336888.ref086","article-title":"Genomic characterization of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales from Dhaka food markets unveils the spread of high-risk antimicrobial-resistant clones and plasmids co-carrying blaNDM and mcr-1.1","volume":"6","author":"TT Nisa","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336888.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.1191-1196","article-title":"Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases and carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from fresh produce farms in different governorates of Egypt","volume":"15","author":"EA Elshafiee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110765","article-title":"The detection of KPC-2, NDM-1, and VIM-2 carbapenemases in international clones isolated from fresh vegetables highlights an emerging food safety issue","volume":"420","author":"JPR Furlan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336888.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76824-w","article-title":"Detection of carbapenemases in Enterobacterales and other Gram-negative bacilli recovered from hospital and municipal wastewater in Mexico City","volume":"14","author":"MM Urzua-Abad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336888.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061498","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Risk Assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Farmed Green Mussels in Singapore","volume":"11","author":"HMG Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336888.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-17-308","article-title":"Growth and Hemolysin Production Behavior of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Different Food Matrices","volume":"81","author":"R Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0336888.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02292","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes and hemolytic Listeria innocua in poultry","volume":"91","author":"SR Milillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476287","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1476287","article-title":"SarZ inhibits the hemolytic activity through regulation of phenol soluble modulins in Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"14","author":"X Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref094","first-page":"115","article-title":"Assessing the Likelihood of Staphylococcus aureus Contamination in Bottled Drinking Water Production","volume":"19","author":"P Chittaphithakchai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref095","article-title":"Occurrence and pathogenicity of Escherichia coli serotypes from processed water in Gwagwalada, FCT, Nigeria","author":"M Samuel","year":"2025","journal-title":"IP Int J Med Microbiol Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459466","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1459466","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and virulence characteristics of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from Ningbo, China","volume":"15","author":"X Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336888.ref097","first-page":"9417","article-title":"Prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria associated with foods and drinks in Nigeria (2015-2020): A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"I Mola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital J Food Saf"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref098","article-title":"How are electrolyte drinks regulated in Bangladesh?","author":"T Tayeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Daily Star"},{"key":"pone.0336888.ref099"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336888","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T17:31:45Z","timestamp":1780421505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336888"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mengistu Hailemariam","family":"Zenebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336888","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]}}}