{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T18:37:57Z","timestamp":1763577477097,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"BBSRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BB\/R006245\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/R006245\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000850","name":"National Heart and Lung institute, Imperial College London","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The discoidin domain receptor DDR2 is a collagen-binding receptor tyrosine kinase whose dysregulation is associated with a wide range of diseases. Missense mutations in the DDR2 kinase domain cause Warburg-Cinotti syndrome in an autosomal dominant manner. Warburg-Cinotti syndrome is a severe connective tissue disorder, characterised by a range of manifestations including joint contractures of the hand, corneal vascularisation and pannus, skin fusion and infection, keloid plaques and acro-osteolysis. The Warburg-Cinotti variants, p.Leu610Pro and p.Tyr740Cys, were previously hypothesised to cause disease through a gain-of-function mechanism but mechanistic studies addressing this notion have been lacking. Here we show that both disease variants exhibit ligand-independent constitutive autophosphorylation when expressed as full-length proteins in mammalian cells. We also characterised the enzyme kinetics of soluble WT and DDR2-Y740C kinase constructs. WT DDR2 kinase was found to follow the same two-step activation mechanism previously characterised for DDR1 kinase but with enhanced autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation rates. Compared with WT DDR2, DDR2-Y740C displayed further enhanced autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation rates, but no effect on ATP binding affinity. The increased catalytic rates of unphosphorylated DDR2-Y740C kinase were similar to those of fully phosphorylated WT DDR2, indicating that the missense variant bypasses all autoinhibitory constraints and adopts the fully active kinase conformation. Tyrosine-740 is a residue in the A-loop of DDR2 kinase that forms autoinhibitory hydrogen bonds with key catalytic residues. These hydrogen bonds cannot form in the cysteine-substituted variant, providing a structural explanation for the release of the A-loop from its autoinhibitory conformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T18:26:13Z","timestamp":1763576773000},"page":"e0336895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Warburg-Cinotti disease variant p.Tyr740Cys enhances catalytic activity of DDR2 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