{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:46:07Z","timestamp":1773780367972,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is an emerging \u201csuperbug\u201d whose infections have become extremely difficult to treat due to its diverse antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and resistance to last-resort antibiotics including carbapenems. Despite this, data on genetic determinants and genomic context of carbapenemase genes in\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    are scarce in Ghana. This study investigated the genetic determinants of carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and explored the genetic contexts of carbapenemase-encoding genes in extensively drug-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (XDR-\n                    <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). We analysed 65 archived clinical\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolates were determined using a MALDI-TOF-MS and the Microscan device, respectively. Carbapenem resistant\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CR-\n                    <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) isolates were screened for carbapenemase-encoding genes (\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>NDM-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>, bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>KPC<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>, bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>VIM<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>, bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>OXA-48<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>, bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>OXA-23<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>, bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>OXA-58<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>IMP<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>)<\/jats:italic>\n                    using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Six XDR-\n                    <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were whole-genome sequenced (WGS) using Nanopore MinION. Carbapenem resistance was observed in 18\/65 (27.7%) isolates. All CR isolates were resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, fluroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides and carbapenems (minimum inhibitory concentrations, MICs,\u2009&gt;\u20092\u00b5g\/ml -\u2009&gt;\u20098\u00b5g\/ml). The most predominant resistance gene,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>NDM-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    (33.3%\n                    <jats:bold>)<\/jats:bold>\n                    , was found to co-exist with\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>OXA-23<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    (27.8%) or\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>OXA-58<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    (16.7%), while\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>OXA-420<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    (12.5%) was the least prevalent gene detected. The sequence types identified among the isolates were ST2 (33.3%), ST164 (16.7%), ST214 (16.7%), ST52 (16.7%), and ST16 (16.7%) according to MLST-Pasteur scheme. The study highlights the carriage of multiple carbapenemase genes, other AMR-encoding genes and efflux pumps in XDR clinical\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. To the best of our knowledge, the study reports for the first time, the detection of ST2 OXA-23, NDM-1 and ST164 OXA-58, NDM-1-producing\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital. These strains belong to high-risk clones and continuous surveillance through molecular epidemiological studies and public health interventions are urgently needed to control their spread in Ghana.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:28:46Z","timestamp":1773768526000},"page":"e0336931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic characterisation of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a tertiary hospital in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Isabella E.","family":"Ashley-Agbedor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samiratu","family":"Mahazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0286-3638","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fleischer C. N.","family":"Kotey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Amedior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bright","family":"Adu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Darko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kwao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4491-6902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicholas T. K. D.","family":"Dayie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4486-0286","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anthony S.","family":"Ablordey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Japheth A.","family":"Opintan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336931.ref001","article-title":"Prevalence of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections in the United States Predominated by Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"4","author":"B Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0336931.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0808.020014","article-title":"Pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter 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