{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T18:31:59Z","timestamp":1763145119446,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The study investigated the knockdown and repellent efficacy of smoke from native plants,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Vitex payos<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    (Lour.) Merr.,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Peltophorum africanum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Sond., and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Adansonia digitata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    L., against malaria vectors in Bare ward, Mazowe district, Zimbabwe. Three to five-day-old\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu lato (s.l.) were exposed to smoke from the three plants over 150 minutes during knockdown tests. Mortality was scored after 24 hours. A randomized 4 x 4 Latin square design was used to assign plant smoke and control treatments to huts and nights during repellency tests. Repellency was estimated as percentage reduction in biting using CDC light traps between 1800 and 2200 hours. Burning charcoal without plant material was used as control. SPSS software was used for data analysis. KdT\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    and kdT\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    rates were determined using probit analysis. A negative binomial GLM with a log link function and an emmeans post-hoc test was used to model the number of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    s.l. caught based on smoke treatment, night and hut.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Vitex payos<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>P. africanum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    knocked down 100% of the\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    s.l. within the 150-minute exposure period. The kdT\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    and kdT\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    rates were more rapid for\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>V. payos<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    (37.8 and 69.7\u2009min) and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>P. africanum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    (44.8 and 89.7\u2009min) than for\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>A. digitata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    (77.8 and 146.9\u2009min). The percent 24-hr mortality was 91.7 (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>V. payos<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                    80 (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>P. africanum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>and 71.6<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>A. digitata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Smoke from\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>V. payos<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    (86%, p\u2009=\u20090.008) and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>P. africanum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    (73%, p\u2009=\u20090.028) significantly reduced\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    s.l. biting. Smoke from\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>V. payos<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>P. africanum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    merits further investigation since it has the potential to provide an additive benefit to ITNs by targeting proportions of malaria vectors that bite before bedtime. Studies to determine whether the use of smoke from these plants has a community effect that can lead to the reduction of malaria burden are required and significant.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T18:25:46Z","timestamp":1763144746000},"page":"e0336943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Field evaluation of ethnomedicinal plants\u2019 smoke knockdown and repellent efficacy against pre-bedtime biting malaria vectors in Mazowe district, Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0729-4159","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David Singleton","family":"Nyasvisvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shadreck","family":"Sande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudo","family":"Sithole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5295-0724","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tamuka","family":"Nhiwatiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0336943.ref001","first-page":"4955","article-title":"Malaria vector species composition and relative abundance in Mutare and Mutasa districts, Zimbabwe","volume":"4","author":"S Sande","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Entomol Acarol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336943.ref002","first-page":"25","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distributions and insecticide susceptibility of malaria vectors in Zimbabwe","volume":"13","author":"HT Masendu","year":"2005","journal-title":"African Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336943.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.184831","article-title":"Biting behaviour of Anopheles funestus populations in Mutare and Mutasa districts, Manicaland province, Zimbabwe: Implications for the malaria control programme","volume":"53","author":"S Sande","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"pone.0336943.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1280-z","article-title":"Most outdoor malaria transmission by behaviourally-resistant Anopheles arabiensis is mediated by mosquitoes that have previously been inside houses","volume":"15","author":"GF Killeen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0336943.ref005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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