{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T18:48:25Z","timestamp":1764096505880,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Habitat loss and degradation, mainly driven by agricultural expansion and intensification, alter ecological processes, ecosystem services and human well-being at a global scale. Pollinator populations in degraded agricultural areas tend to collapse, which in turn can reduce the effective pollination of agricultural crops and food production, particularly in leading food producing countries, such as Brazil. We sought to understand how the vulnerability to pollinator failure and the economic value of pollination (EVP) are associated with farmland size, farmer income, habitat loss, and the size of the human footprint. We also examine socioeconomic predictors related to income inequality levels across Brazilian municipalities and phytogeographic domains. We show that 58% of all leading crops in Brazil are dependent to some degree on animal pollination, and agricultural production in 96.8% of all municipalities is at least partly vulnerable to pollinator failure. Soybean, coffee, cotton, tomato and cocoa accounted for 84% of the total economic valuation of cropland pollination in Brazil, with soybean alone representing more than half of this value. Including soybean, vulnerability and EVP were positively correlated with the Human Development Index (HDI), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), habitat loss, and farmland size. On the other hand, these key indicators were negatively associated with the human footprint and the proportion of low-income farmers. Excluding soybean, however, vulnerability increased across low-income municipalities, particularly across the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Caatinga, revealing strong biome contrasts. Overall, EVP was consistently reduced in areas under heavier human footprint, suggesting that anthropogenic pressures reduce pollination benefits. Our results also show that soybean cultivation masks underlying social and regional disparities in agricultural vulnerability. Thus, the evaluation of pollination risks can be masked by commodity production. Enhancing ecological processes and promoting diversified, pollinator-friendly agriculture may strengthen food production, particularly for tropical low-income farmers in vulnerable regions, while contributing to ecosystem service provision and human well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0337328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T18:32:46Z","timestamp":1764095566000},"page":"e0337328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Yield vulnerability of low-income smallholders to pollinator declines in Brazil is biome-dependent"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8345-7986","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Willams","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafaella Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Porto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6625-7568","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oswaldo","family":"Cruz-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Tabarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blandina Felipe","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5750-5913","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ariadna Valentina","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0337328.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2013.12.001","article-title":"Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature","volume":"29","author":"WF Laurance","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0337328.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/agec.12090","article-title":"Land-use change trajectories up to 2050: Insights from a global agro-economic model comparison","volume":"45","author":"C Schmitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric Econ"},{"issue":"7656","key":"pone.0337328.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22900","article-title":"Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention","volume":"546","author":"D Tilman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0337328.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2023.03.003","article-title":"Paradoxically striving for food security in the leading food-producing tropical country, Brazil","volume":"6","author":"W Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0337328.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000444","article-title":"Economic inequality predicts biodiversity loss","volume":"2","author":"GM Mikkelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0337328.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2023.108673","article-title":"Markedly declining reproductive functional diversity of food plants in the world\u2019s largest tropical country despite rapid cropland expansion","volume":"357","author":"W Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment"},{"key":"pone.0337328.ref007","article-title":"II inqu\u00e9rito nacional sobre inseguran\u00e7a alimentar no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil","author":"PENSSAN\/VIGISAN","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0337328.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/19400829211020472","article-title":"Brazil\u2019s Next Deforestation Frontiers","volume":"14","author":"M Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tropical Conservation Science"},{"key":"pone.0337328.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2015.05.012","article-title":"The State of Family Farms in the World","volume":"87","author":"BE Graeub","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Development"},{"key":"pone.0337328.ref010","unstructured":"IBGE. 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