{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:35:28Z","timestamp":1787776528911,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCB- 1411949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCB- 1411949"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-GM107084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-GM107084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35-GM148135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35-GM148135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The phytohormone gibberellin (GA) is an important regulator of plant morphology and reproduction, and the biosynthesis and distribution of GA\n                    <jats:italic>in planta<\/jats:italic>\n                    is agriculturally relevant to past and current breeding efforts. Tools like biosensors, extensive molecular genetic resources in reference plants and mathematical models have greatly contributed to current understanding of GA homeostasis; however, these tools are difficult to tune or repurpose for engineering crop plants. Previously, we showed that a GA-regulated Hormone Activated CAS9-based Repressor (GAHACR) functions\n                    <jats:italic>in planta<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Here, we use GAHACRs to modulate the strength of feedback on endemic GA regulated genes, and to directly test the importance of transcriptional feedback in GA signaling in the model eudicot\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We first adapted existing mathematical models to predict the impact of targeting a GAHACR to different nodes in the GA biosynthesis pathway, and then implemented a perturbation predicted by the model to lower GA levels. Specifically, we individually targeted either the biosynthetic gene\n                    <jats:italic>GA20 oxidase<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>GA20ox<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) or the GA receptor GID1, and characterized primary root length, flowering time and the transcriptome of these transgenic lines. Using this approach, we identified a strong connection between GA signaling status and the circadian clock, which can be largely attenuated by elevated carbon dioxide levels. Our results identify a node in the GA signaling pathway that can be engineered to modulate plant size and flowering time. Our results also raise concerns that rising atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentration are likely to reverse many of the gains of Green Revolution crops.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0337439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T18:28:11Z","timestamp":1765304891000},"page":"e0337439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reprogramming feedback strength in gibberellin biosynthesis highlights conditional regulation by the circadian clock and carbon dioxide"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3034-1482","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander R.","family":"Leydon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonel","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjun","family":"Khakhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8909-735X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Nemhauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0337439.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.103.035451","article-title":"Gibberellins repress photomorphogenesis in darkness","volume":"134","author":"D Alabad\u00ed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0337439.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2012.29","article-title":"Coordinated regulation of apical hook development by gibberellins and ethylene in etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings","volume":"22","author":"F An","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0337439.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-005-0057-3","article-title":"Loss of function of four DELLA genes leads to light- and gibberellin-independent seed germination in Arabidopsis","volume":"223","author":"D Cao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Planta"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0337439.ref004","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Gibberellin regulates Arabidopsis floral development via suppression of DELLA protein function","volume":"131","author":"H Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Camb Engl"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0337439.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.042317","article-title":"GA4 is the active gibberellin in the regulation of LEAFY transcription and Arabidopsis floral initiation","volume":"18","author":"S Eriksson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0337439.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0143-8","article-title":"Gibberellins play an essential role in late embryogenesis of Arabidopsis","volume":"4","author":"Y Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Plants"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0337439.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp040","article-title":"Gibberellin as a factor in floral regulatory networks","volume":"60","author":"E Mutasa-G\u00f6ttgens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0337439.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(02)00009-4","article-title":"The genes of the Green Revolution","volume":"19","author":"P Hedden","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"pone.0337439.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gollin D, Hansen CW, Wingender A. 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