{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:06:29Z","timestamp":1791648389990,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Size of gallbladder polyps (GP) is considered as a relevant risk factor for neoplastic polyps. However, the definitive impact is an ongoing debate. Current German and European guidelines recommend surveillance for GP\u2009&gt;\u20096 mm and cholecystectomy for GP\u2009&gt;\u200910 mm over a period of two to five years. We aimed to analyze the dynamic growth of gallbladder polyps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients at Hanover Medical School who underwent sonography from 2001 to 2020 were retrospectively evaluated for growth rate (GR) of detected GP independent of the underlying primary disease. Only patients with at least one follow-up as well as accurate GP size data were included in the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A number of 253 patients with GP were eligible. Median follow-up was 66 months (24\u2013209 months). Median GR was \u22120.3 mm\/year (IQR 0.79). A subgroup analysis (polyp size 6\u201310 mm) showed a positive GR in 20.3% of the cases with a median GR of 0.09 mm\/year (IQR 0.17). Of note, in 46% of the patients GP were not detectable at follow-up exam. Overall, two patients reached the indication for cholecystectomy (0.8%), whereas only a single patient developed histologically confirmed gallbladder cancer (0.4%). Logistic regression analysis did not reveal any risk factors associated with GP growth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of GP, which should be monitored within the current follow-up strategy, are no longer detectable sonographically over time or show a decreasing growth behavior. Only a minority shows a very slow positive GR and only a minority of patients develop malignancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0337890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T18:22:55Z","timestamp":1766514175000},"page":"e0337890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamic growth risk of incidentally detected gallbladder polyps\u2013A retrospective, single-center analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3650-2921","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sophia","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piet Janko","family":"ten 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