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Investigating the relationship between adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines (24-h MG)\u2014which include moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), screen time (ScT), and sleep duration (Sleep)\u2014and physical fitness is crucial for improving children\u2019s fitness. This cross-sectional study examined differences in physical fitness by 24-h MG adherence patterns among children in grades 1\u20136. Eight fitness components were assessed using standardized tests: handgrip strength (muscle strength), sit-up (trunk muscle strength and endurance), sit-and-reach (flexibility), repeated side jump (agility), 20-meter shuttle run (cardiorespiratory fitness), 50-meter sprint (speed), standing long jump (explosive power), and softball throw (explosive power and dexterity). A total of 307 participants (41.4% male) were included in the analysis. Analysis of covariance was performed, with sex, grade, BMI, and other guideline adherence as covariates. Total fitness scores were significantly higher in those meeting the MVPA (Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20090.47; standardized effect size), both the MVPA and ScT (d\u2009=\u20090.63), both the MVPA and Sleep guidelines (d\u2009=\u20090.65), or with all three guidelines (d\u2009=\u20090.59) compared to those not meeting them. Children meeting the MVPA guideline\u2014either alone or in combination with ScT or Sleep guidelines\u2014showed significantly higher scores in multiple fitness components compared to those not meeting them. When comparing effect sizes, differences in total and most of the individual fitness scores were greater among those who met both the MVPA and either the ScT or Sleep guideline. In contrast, those who did not meet the MVPA guideline but adhered to one or both of the ScT and Sleep guidelines showed no significant differences in total and individual fitness scores. These findings suggest that promoting MVPA adherence is crucial for enhancing physical fitness, and that additionally encouraging appropriate ScT and Sleep behaviors may further improve children\u2019s physical fitness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0337972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:31:46Z","timestamp":1764786706000},"page":"e0337972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Differences in physical fitness levels by adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines among Japanese elementary school children"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4486-4580","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takashi","family":"Naito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenryu","family":"Aoyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichiro","family":"Oka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0337972.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","article-title":"Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1\u00b76 million participants","volume":"4","author":"R Guthold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0337972.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.3636","article-title":"Trends in Sedentary Behavior Among the US Population, 2001-2016","volume":"321","author":"L Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0337972.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2022-0456","article-title":"Global Matrix 4.0 Physical Activity Report Card Grades for Children and Adolescents: Results and Analyses From 57 Countries","volume":"19","author":"S Aubert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0337972.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-1017-y","article-title":"Temporal Trends in the Cardiorespiratory Fitness of 2,525,827 Adults Between 1967 and 2016: A Systematic Review","volume":"49","author":"NR Lamoureux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0337972.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097982","article-title":"Temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents representing 19 high-income and upper middle-income countries between 1981 and 2014","volume":"53","author":"GR Tomkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0337972.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.07.020","article-title":"Temporal trends in muscular fitness of English 10-year-olds 1998-2014: An allometric approach","volume":"22","author":"GRH Sandercock","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"pone.0337972.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627529","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.627529","article-title":"Trends in Physical Fitness Among School-Aged Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"B Masanovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0337972.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01394-6","article-title":"Temporal Trends in the Standing Broad Jump Performance of 10,940,801 Children and Adolescents Between 1960 and 2017","volume":"51","author":"GR Tomkinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0337972.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.5432\/ijshs.1.164","article-title":"Changes over the Years in Physical and Motor Ability in Japanese Youth in 1964-97","volume":"1","author":"T Nishijima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0337972.ref010","unstructured":"Japan Sports Agency. 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