{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:49:15Z","timestamp":1792684155560,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32371079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32371079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias (ADRD) are significant global health concerns, with rising incidence rates and substantial social and economic implications due to population aging.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We investigated trends in ADRD incidence from 1992 to 2021 across age, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 platform. An age-period-cohort (APC) model was employed to analyze the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on ADRD incidence, and a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was used to predict future trends.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Globally, the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) remained relatively steady. However, the total number of ADRD cases witnessed a remarkable 141.25% increase, with 9,837,056 cases (95% UI: 8,620,519\u201311,163,700) in 2021. High SDI regions exhibited higher ASIR, whereas high-middle SDI regions showed the greatest growth, particularly among females. The net drift of ADRD incidence ranged from 0.43% per year in China to \u22120.68% per year in Denmark. Age effect was consistent across SDI regions, increasing exponentially with age. The 60\u201364 age group experienced the fastest annual incidence growth. High-middle SDI regions faced unfavorable period and cohort effects.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Although progress in ADRD globally, significant regional and sex disparities persist. Strengthened surveillance and management of adults over 60 are urgently needed. Targeted public health policies and interventions are essential to address the escalating global dementia burden.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0338018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T18:31:56Z","timestamp":1764613916000},"page":"e0338018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Global trends in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias: A comprehensive analysis of incidence, socio-demographic variations, and future projections"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ruixue","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9418-9171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"He","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0338018.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6518","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076518","article-title":"Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Pathomechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review","volume":"24","author":"B Twarowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0338018.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.11.1764","article-title":"Survival following a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease","volume":"59","author":"R Brookmeyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338018.ref003","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"7","author":"GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0338018.ref004","year":"n.d"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0338018.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.03.099","article-title":"The Major Risk Factors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Age, Sex, and Genes Modulate the Microglia Response to A\u03b2 Plaques","volume":"27","author":"C Sala Frigerio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0338018.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13016","article-title":"2023 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"19","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"pone.0338018.ref007","volume-title":"Dementia in Europe Yearbook 2019: Estimating the prevalence of dementia in Europe","author":"Alzheimer Europe","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0338018.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102868","article-title":"Global burden of dementia in younger people: an analysis of data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"77","author":"Z Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0338018.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00067-3","article-title":"Sex differences in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias","volume":"15","author":"CM Mazure","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0338018.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12662","article-title":"Consideration of sex and gender in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related disorders from a global perspective","volume":"18","author":"MM Mielke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"pone.0338018.ref011","first-page":"14","article-title":"Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Dementia","volume":"35","author":"MM Mielke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr Times"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338018.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2015.07.001","article-title":"Marked gender differences in progression of mild cognitive impairment over 8 years","volume":"1","author":"KA Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0338018.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1159\/000286345","article-title":"Measures of disease frequency: prevalence and incidence","volume":"115","author":"M Noordzij","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephron Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0338018.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010022","article-title":"Twenty-seven-year time trends in dementia incidence in Europe and the United States: The Alzheimer Cohorts Consortium","volume":"95","author":"FJ Wolters","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0338018.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e318211c83c","article-title":"Relationship between education and dementia: an updated systematic review","volume":"25","author":"ES Sharp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0338018.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14132","article-title":"Dementia risk and prevention by targeting modifiable vascular risk factors","volume":"144","author":"S Tariq","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0338018.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9267","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169267","article-title":"The Role of Obesity and Diabetes in Dementia","volume":"23","author":"A Selman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0338018.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101580","article-title":"Global and regional projections of the economic burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias from 2019 to 2050: A value of statistical life approach","volume":"51","author":"A Nandi","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0338018.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0334-z","article-title":"Young-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus - implications for morbidity and mortality","volume":"16","author":"DJ Magliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"pone.0338018.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3029","article-title":"Dementia: timely diagnosis and early intervention","volume":"350","author":"L Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10440","key":"pone.0338018.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10258","key":"pone.0338018.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0338018.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0421","article-title":"Age-period-cohort models in cancer surveillance research: ready for prime time?","volume":"20","author":"PS Rosenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"10397","key":"pone.0338018.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","author":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0338018.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.01.024","article-title":"Mechanisms of sex differences in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"112","author":"C Lopez-Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0338018.ref026","article-title":"Sex differences in the confounders influencing the relationships linking socioeconomic factors and cognitive performance with family history of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias","volume":"21","author":"J He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"pone.0338018.ref027","author":"World Health Organization","year":"n.d"},{"key":"pone.0338018.ref028","volume-title":"National research strategy on dementia 2025: Research for the benefit of people with dementia and their relatives","author":"Danish Health Authority","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0338018.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301217712796","article-title":"Day Care for People with Dementia: A Qualitative Study Comparing Experiences from Norway and Scotland","volume":"18","author":"AMM Rokstad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dementia (London)"},{"key":"pone.0338018.ref030","volume-title":"Global status report on the public health response to dementia","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0338018.ref031","volume-title":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0338018.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937486","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.937486","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias, 1990-2019","volume":"14","author":"X Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"10248","key":"pone.0338018.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"G Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0338018.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22378-z","article-title":"Global burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias in adults aged 65 years and over, and health inequality related to SDI, 1990-2021: analysis of data from GBD 2021","volume":"25","author":"W Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0338018.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100122","article-title":"The disease burden, risk factors and future predictions of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other types of dementia in Asia from 1990 to 2021","volume":"12","author":"J Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0338018.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4830","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002460","article-title":"Mortality from Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias and its heterogeneity across states in India findings from GBD 2021 study","volume":"111","author":"H Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0338018.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06375-x","article-title":"Global burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias attributed to metabolic risks from 1990 to 2021: results from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"24","author":"X Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0338018.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425577","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1425577","article-title":"Time trends in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mortality attributable to metabolic risks and smoking in China from 1990 to 2019: an age-period-cohort analysis","volume":"16","author":"S Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0338018","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T18:32:02Z","timestamp":1764613922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0338018"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Modupe","family":"Akintomide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0338018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}