{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:55:51Z","timestamp":1787507751737,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Young and Middle-aged Talents Training Project of Fujian Provincial Health Technology Project","award":["2021GGA021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GGA021"]}]},{"name":"Startup Fund for Scientific Research, Fujian Medical University","award":["2020QH1098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020QH1098"]}]},{"name":"Joint Funds for the National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Projects of Fujian Province, China","award":["Grant No. 2023 \u2212 1594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 2023 \u2212 1594"]}]},{"name":"Minimally Invasive Medical Center of Fujian, China","award":["[2017]171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2017]171"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High sodium intake (HSI) is one of the risk factors for gastric cancer. China, Japan, Republic of Korea, and Mongolia are among the countries with the highest gastric cancer incidence worldwide. This study aimed to assess the burden of gastric cancer linked to HSI in these four countries from 1990 to 2021, and to project future trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database was used to analyze trends in HSI-related gastric cancer burden and differences by age and sex in the four countries. Trend changes were evaluated using Joinpoint regression. Decomposition analysis was conducted to assess the relative contributions of demographic aging, population growth, and epidemiological shifts. Future burden was forecast using a Bayesian age\u2013period\u2013cohort (BAPC) model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2021, the number of gastric cancer deaths in China linked to HSI was 36,958 (95% UI: 0\u2013183,972), with 883,435 DALYs (95% UI: 0\u20134,461,211). The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) was 1.78 (95% UI: 0\u20138.81) per 100,000, and the age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) was 41.49 (95% UI: 0\u2013208.59) per 100,000. Across the four countries, the burden of gastric cancer due to HSI was greater in males and elderly groups. Trends in ASMR and ASDR showed consistent declines in all four countries according to Joinpoint analysis. Decomposition analysis demonstrated that epidemiological shifts contributed to easing the burden. The BAPC model projected that the ASMR and ASDR of HSI-related gastric cancer would decrease over the upcoming 15 years in the four countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During 1990\u20132021, ASMR and ASDR for HSI-related gastric cancer declined in China, Japan, Republic of Korea, and Mongolia, yet differences by sex and age remained. Policymakers need to formulate targeted public health measures in light of these differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0338030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T18:28:46Z","timestamp":1764872926000},"page":"e0338030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trend analysis and projection of gastric cancer burden linked to high sodium intake in China, Japan, Republic of Korea, and Mongolia (1990\u20132021): A comprehensive assessment based on the 2021 global burden of disease study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5215-5245","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaohuang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoxing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Canmei","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yadong","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7791-3114","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fenglin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338030.ref001","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0338030.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00720-8","article-title":"The burden of Gastric Cancer and possible risk factors from 1990 to 2021, and projections until 2035: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"13","author":"N Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0338030.ref003","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2025","volume":"75","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0338030.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30460-5","article-title":"Genetic risk, incident gastric cancer, and healthy lifestyle: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies and prospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"G Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"pone.0338030.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machlowska J, Baj J. 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