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In tropical countries such as Brazil, information on balantidiasis in occupationally exposed human populations remains limited. In this context, this study investigated the occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic>B. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other intestinal parasites in pig farmers, their families, and pigs from the same farms, while also exploring associations with sanitary conditions and the gut microbiota. Fecal samples from 47 humans and 15 pigs from family-owned and industrial farms in Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, Brazil, were analyzed. General and sanitary information was obtained through structured questionnaires. Samples were examined by microscopy, and\n                    <jats:italic>B. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    was identified by PCR targeting ITS1\u20135.8S\u2013ITS2, followed by Sanger sequencing. The gut microbiota was characterized using 18S and 16S rRNA (V3\/V4) molecular markers for metabarcoding. Among the 47 participants, seven (14.9%) tested positive for\n                    <jats:italic>B. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    nucleotide sequences in their fecal material, with most of them (71.4%) being adult males directly involved in pig handling. Phylogenetic analysis revealed genetic variants A0, B0, and atypical strains shared between humans and pigs from the same farm. Eukaryotic parasites (\n                    <jats:italic>B. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) and prokaryotic groups (Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and potentially pathogenic bacteria) were also shared across hosts, and two human\u2013pig pairs (H31\u2013129F and H70\u2013565F) exhibited highly similar microbial profiles. This study provides the first molecular evidence of\n                    <jats:italic>B. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    in pig farmers in Brazil, reinforcing the epidemiological role of pigs in zoonotic transmission. These findings highlight the need for improved sanitation, consistent use of personal protective equipment, and continuous molecular surveillance under a One Health perspective to minimize transmission of this parasite.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0338487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T19:12:22Z","timestamp":1767640342000},"page":"e0338487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["One health approach to Balantioides coli: Molecular and metabarcoding evidence of zoonotic transmission"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Camila Souza Carvalho","family":"Class","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Mendes de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renan de Souza","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid da Silva","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"La\u00eds Lisboa","family":"Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Breno Torres da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella Ribeiro Vaz","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana Batalha","family":"Knackfuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto J\u00fanio Pedroso","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5007-1339","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alynne da Silva","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0338487.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1201\/b22030-50","article-title":"Balantidium coli.","volume-title":"Handbook of Foodborne Diseases","author":"AS Barbosa","year":"2018","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0338487.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105298","article-title":"Balantidium coli in domestic animals: An emerging protozoan pathogen of zoonotic significance","volume":"203","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta 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