{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T18:43:35Z","timestamp":1776105815552,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN- 2017\u201306790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN- 2017\u201306790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Ankle joint quasi-stiffness is a measure representing the control of quiet standing. Here we investigated three methods for determining parameters associated with ankle joint quasi-stiffness. Eleven healthy, young males were asked to stand quietly with eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC). Ankle joint quasi-stiffness was computed using two methods, one proposed by Winter et al. (Winter DA, et al. J\n Neurophysiol<\/jats:italic>\n 80: 1211\u22121221, 1998) (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 1<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ) and another by Loram and Lakie (Loram ID, et al. J Physiol 540: 1111\u22121124, 2002) (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 2<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ). Both values were normalized using participants\u2019 body sizes. The short-term scaling exponent in stabilogram diffusion analysis (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n H<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ), which has been linked to quasi-stiffness, was applied. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of methodology (p < 0.0001, partial \u03b7\u00b2 = 0.42), but no significant effect of eye condition (p = 0.1947, partial \u03b7\u00b2 = 0.06), nor interaction effect (p = 0.4742, partial \u03b7\u00b2 = 0.02). Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC(3,1)) analysis indicates good reliability between\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 1<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 2<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n with an ICC value of 0.858 (p < 0.001) in the EO condition, and moderate reliability with an ICC value of 0.718 (p = 0.004) in the EC condition.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n H<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 1<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n exhibited a very strong negative correlation in the EO (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \u03c1<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n = \u22120.909) condition and a moderately strong negative correlation in the EC (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \u03c1<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n = \u22120.782) condition.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n H<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 2<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n exhibited moderately strong negative correlation in both the EO (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \u03c1<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n = \u22120.664) and EC (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \u03c1<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n = \u22120.555) conditions. The good and moderate reliability between\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 1<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 2<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n suggests that both measures capture similar stiffness attributes relating to their neuro-mechanical components, despite a significant methodological difference. Additionally, relatively high correlations of\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n H<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n with\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 1<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n \u00a0<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and with\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n s<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 2<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n suggest that the stochastic characteristics of centre of pressure in the short period indeed reflect the overall quasi-stiffness at the ankle joint.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0338581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T17:23:16Z","timestamp":1776100996000},"page":"e0338581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of methods for determining parameters related to ankle joint quasi-stiffness during quiet standing"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kaylie","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6229-5735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kai Lon","family":"Fok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonguk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0207-3241","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kei","family":"Masani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338581.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.915ad.x","article-title":"Feedforward ankle strategy of balance during quiet stance in adults","volume":"514","author":"P Gatev","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0338581.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00730.2002","article-title":"Importance of body sway velocity information in controlling ankle extensor activities during quiet stance","volume":"90","author":"K Masani","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338581.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.3.1211","article-title":"Stiffness control of balance in quiet standing","volume":"80","author":"DA Winter","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338581.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.3.1097","article-title":"Sensorimotor integration in human postural control","volume":"88","author":"RJ Peterka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0338581.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.005","article-title":"Direct measurement of ankle stiffness during quiet standing: implications for control modelling and clinical application","volume":"21","author":"M Casadio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338581.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.025049","article-title":"Direct measurement of human ankle stiffness during quiet standing: the intrinsic mechanical stiffness is insufficient for stability","volume":"545","author":"ID Loram","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0338581.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.4.2157","article-title":"Ankle muscle stiffness alone cannot stabilize balance during quiet standing","volume":"88","author":"PG Morasso","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0338581.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.03.004","article-title":"Direct measurement of the intrinsic ankle stiffness during standing","volume":"48","author":"M Vlutters","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338581.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00801.2007","article-title":"Neuromusculoskeletal torque-generation process has a large destabilizing effect on the control mechanism of quiet standing","volume":"100","author":"K Masani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0338581.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(93)90010-M","article-title":"Joint stiffness: Myth or reality?","volume":"12","author":"ML Latash","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0338581.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081841","article-title":"Estimation of quasi-stiffness of the human hip in the stance phase of walking","volume":"8","author":"K Shamaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0338581.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.1003591","article-title":"Quasi-stiffness of the knee joint in flexion and extension during the golf swing","volume":"33","author":"A Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"pone.0338581.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-016-0173-2","article-title":"A novel method of measuring passive quasi-stiffness in the first metatarsophalangeal joint","volume":"9","author":"ML Heng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338581.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229788","article-title":"Open-loop and closed-loop control of posture: a random-walk analysis of center-of-pressure trajectories","volume":"95","author":"JJ Collins","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0338581.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.03.014","article-title":"Balance control in unstable sitting in individuals with an acute episode of low back pain","volume":"95","author":"W van den Hoorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"pone.0338581.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.04.114","article-title":"Open-loop and closed-loop control of posture: Stabilogram-diffusion analysis of center-of-pressure trajectories among people with stroke","volume":"78","author":"I Treger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0338581.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135255","article-title":"The influence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy on local postural muscle and central sensory feedback balance control","volume":"10","author":"N Toosizadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0338581.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6797-7","article-title":"Inadequate interaction between open- and closed-loop postural control in phobic postural vertigo","volume":"260","author":"M Wuehr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0338581.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1695-7","article-title":"Postural control among children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in single and dual conditions","volume":"171","author":"Z Shorer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338581.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-1852-y","article-title":"Abnormal resonance behavior of the postural control loop in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"157","author":"C Maurer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338581.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11924-L","article-title":"Open-loop and closed-loop postural control mechanisms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: increased mediolateral activity during quiet standing","volume":"197","author":"SL Mitchell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338581.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00231982","article-title":"Age-related changes in open-loop and closed-loop postural control mechanisms","volume":"104","author":"JJ Collins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338581.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00200-X","article-title":"Aging, muscle activity, and balance control: physiologic changes associated with balance impairment","volume":"18","author":"CA Laughton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338581.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2015.05.016","article-title":"Altered characteristics of balance control in obese older adults","volume":"10","author":"I Melzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0338581.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000362549","article-title":"Influences of frailty syndrome on open-loop and closed-loop postural control strategy","volume":"61","author":"N Toosizadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0338581.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.04.001","article-title":"Characteristics of balance control in older persons who fall with injury--a prospective study","volume":"23","author":"I Kurz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0338581.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.07.007","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of balance control parameters in elderly fallers and non-fallers","volume":"25","author":"I Melzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0338581.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000603","article-title":"Reciprocal angular acceleration of the ankle and hip joints during quiet standing in humans","volume":"136","author":"Y Aramaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0338581.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.04.021","article-title":"Kinematic error magnitude in the single-mass inverted pendulum model of human standing posture","volume":"63","author":"KL Fok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"pone.0338581.ref030","article-title":"Control of rapid limb movements for balance recovery: age-related changes and implications for fall prevention","author":"BE Maki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338581.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080310","article-title":"Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking","volume":"8","author":"MP Kadaba","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338581.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(03)00037-7","article-title":"Kinematic and kinetic validity of the inverted pendulum model in quiet standing","volume":"19","author":"WH Gage","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0338581.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00251-3","article-title":"Comparison of three methods to estimate the center of mass during balance assessment","volume":"37","author":"D Lafond","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0338581.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.08.012","article-title":"Smaller sway size during quiet standing is associated with longer preceding time of motor command to body sway","volume":"33","author":"K Masani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"pone.0338581.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470549148","volume-title":"Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement: Fourth Edition","author":"DA Winter","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0338581.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2009.10.005","article-title":"Posturographic measures in healthy young adults during quiet sitting in comparison with quiet standing","volume":"32","author":"AH Vette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338581.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-980X(97)96567-X","article-title":"Clinical multisegmental posturography: age-related changes in stance control","volume":"105","author":"N Accornero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338581.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210100681","article-title":"The influence of postural threat on the control of upright stance","volume":"138","author":"MG Carpenter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0338581.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1982.sp014294","article-title":"Control scheme governing concurrently active human motor units during voluntary contractions","volume":"329","author":"CJ De Luca","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338581.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010615","article-title":"The effects of load and force on tremor at the normal human elbow joint","volume":"240","author":"GC Joyce","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0338581.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.013077","article-title":"Human balancing of an inverted pendulum: position control by small, ballistic-like, throw and catch movements","volume":"540","author":"ID Loram","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338581.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000183477.75808.92","article-title":"Biomechanical factors associated with tibial stress fracture in female runners","volume":"38","author":"CE Milner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338581.ref043","article-title":"Estimation of quasi-stiffness of the human knee in the stance phase of walking","volume":"8","author":"K Shamaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0338581.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.01.019","article-title":"The influence of ankle muscle activation on postural sway during quiet stance","volume":"39","author":"MJ Warnica","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0338581.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(96)82849-9","article-title":"Human balance and posture control during standing and walking","volume":"3","author":"D Winter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0338581.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90248-5","article-title":"An analysis of the sources of musculoskeletal system impedance","volume":"21","author":"J Winters","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338581.ref047","first-page":"221","article-title":"Effect of outdoor footwear bending stiffness on metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics, kinetics, and energy balance during level and uphill walking","volume":"236","author":"G Zullo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0338581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T17:23:25Z","timestamp":1776101005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0338581"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Seyed Hamed","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0338581","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]}}}