{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:37:48Z","timestamp":1782401868240,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u00c3\u2013sterreichischer Wissenschaftsfonds FWF","award":["P33928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P33928"]}]},{"name":"\u00c3\u2013sterreichischer Wissenschaftsfonds FWF","award":["W1262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W1262"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies suggest that dogs are a suitable model to study body-awareness in a systematic and ecologically relevant manner. However, previous studies used a single door paradigm, which does not allow for the control of motivation and thus may yield false positive results. Moreover, it is unclear how life experience might influence body-awareness. In this study, we tested self body-size and -shape as well as object solidity perception in pet dogs and agility trained dogs in a two-choice paradigm. The subjects had to walk through one of the two openings in a fence to reach a reward. The openings were of different shape and\/or size (Experiment 1) or covered by different materials (Experiment 2). Dogs could correctly assess their size, while the results are less conclusive for shape perception. They also showed some understanding of the solidity of materials. Agility dogs took less time to reach the reward in Experiment 1, but took more time in Experiment 2. They also showed better shape perception. These results show that life experience has an effect on body-awareness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0338647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T18:31:20Z","timestamp":1767810680000},"page":"e0338647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Influence of agility training on body-size and object solidity perception in pet dogs"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8713-9600","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dario","family":"Stari\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Arnauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Marshall-Pescini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Range","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338647.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-019-01337-3","article-title":"That dog won\u2019t fit: body size awareness in dogs","volume":"23","author":"R Lenkei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Cogn"},{"key":"pone.0338647.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(05)80004-4","article-title":"Criteria for an ecological self","volume-title":"The self in infancy: Theory and research","author":"U Neisser","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338647.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsn014","article-title":"The self across the senses: an fMRI study of self-face and self-voice recognition","volume":"3","author":"JT Kaplan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0338647.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2003.12.010","article-title":"Reflections on animal selves","volume":"19","author":"M Bekoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0338647.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-013-1042-5","article-title":"Self body-size perception in an insect","volume":"100","author":"A Ben-Nun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0338647.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1163\/000579509X12512685881053","article-title":"Shelter size influences self-assessment of size in crayfish, Orconectes rusticus: Consequences for agonistic fights","volume":"147","author":"D Percival","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0338647.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01075.x","article-title":"\u201cSo big\u201d: the development of body self-awareness in toddlers","volume":"78","author":"CA Brownell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"pone.0338647.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46309","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46309","article-title":"Elephants know when their bodies are obstacles to success in a novel transfer task","volume":"7","author":"R Dale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0338647.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82309-x","article-title":"Dogs (Canis familiaris) recognize their own body as a physical obstacle","volume":"11","author":"R Lenkei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338647.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030620","article-title":"Can Dogs Limbo? 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