{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T18:27:04Z","timestamp":1765304824155,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Background and objective<\/jats:title>\n The risk factors for plasma cell mastitis (PCM) remain unclear. Understanding and mitigating these factors to prevent PCM before its onset has become a significant concern. This study identifies PCM risk factors, develops a predictive nomogram, and offers insights for targeted prevention and awareness in high-risk groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 82 patients diagnosed with PCM at Hangzhou Women\u2019s Hospital\u2019s Breast Surgery Department from 01\/01\/2019 to 01\/01\/2022. A control group was randomly selected, consisting of 82 healthy women aged between 20\u201360 years who had undergone routine health check-ups during the same period. Using SPSS 26.0 software for univariate analysis, significant risk factors for PCM were identified. R software was used for multivariate logistic regression analysis, and a nomogram prediction model for the risk of developing PCM was established.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The average age of patients in the study group was 32.37\u2009\u00b1\u20096.64 years, the control group was 29.54\u2009\u00b1\u20095.33 years, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (P\u2009=\u20090.176). The onset time after childbirth or miscarriage was 3.37\u2009\u00b1\u20091.91 years. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences in BMI, nipple retraction, number of pregnancies, recent trauma history, and hyperlipidemia (P\u2009<\u20090.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified nipple retraction (OR=20.128, P\u2009=\u20090.000, 95% CI: 5.952\u201368.072), number of pregnancies (OR=0.343, P\u2009=\u20090.000, 95% CI: 0.189\u20130.624), and recent trauma history (within two weeks) (OR=11.154, P\u2009=\u20090.000, 95% CI: 2.936\u201342.382) as independent risk factors for PCM.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Nipple retraction, recent trauma history, and the number of pregnancies were identified as independent risk factors for PCM. Targeted education for high-risk groups, particularly women within 3 years postpartum\/post-abortion, improves disease prevention. The nomogram model had a C-index of 0.809, indicating strong discriminatory power and high prediction accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0338711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T18:25:03Z","timestamp":1765304703000},"page":"e0338711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk factor analysis and development of a nomogram prediction model for Plasma Cell Mastitis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yiming","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0002-8137","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruonan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338711.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1159\/000517572","article-title":"Current Understanding and 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