{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T20:46:34Z","timestamp":1766436394853,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Biogenic silver nanoparticles have been reported as good antimicrobial candidates. In this study, we synthesized and characterized silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>Moringa oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    (AgNPmo) and investigated their antimicrobial and antiviral activities. The AgNPmo demonstrated antibacterial activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with concentration-dependent zones of inhibition ranging from 6.5\u201315.5\u2009mm and 0\u20137\u2009mm, respectively. Cytotoxicity was assessed on Vero cells using a CCK-8 assay, which revealed an IC50 value of 38 \u00b5g\/ml, indicating relatively low toxicity at effective concentrations. The antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed using quantitative RT-PCR: AgNPmo exposure led to a time- and dose-dependent increase in Ct values for ORF1ab and N genes, with the strongest inhibition observed after 48\u2009h. These results provide direct evidence of both antimicrobial and antiviral activity. The green synthesis using\n                    <jats:italic>Moringa<\/jats:italic>\n                    extracts offers added advantages by employing phenolic and flavonoid compounds as natural reducing and capping agents, making the process eco-friendly and biocompatible. While direct wastewater treatment was not tested, these findings highlight the advantages of Moringa leaf extract as a natural reducing and capping agent that enabled rapid, eco-friendly AgNP formation, while the resulting AgNPmo demonstrated antimicrobial and antiviral activity. Thus, AgNPmo represents a promising, sustainable option for point-of-use disinfection and potential environmental water treatment.\u201d.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0338800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T18:27:53Z","timestamp":1766428073000},"page":"e0338800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Green synthesized silver nanoparticles from Moringa: Potential for preventative treatment of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated water"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Omorilewa B.","family":"Ebunoluwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adebayo J.","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rukayat O.","family":"Ayorinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nneka","family":"Onyejepu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph O.","family":"Shaibu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adeniyi R.","family":"Adewole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abeebat O.","family":"Adewole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olusegun A.","family":"Adedeji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ololade O.","family":"Akinnusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3562-7587","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olajumoke B.","family":"Oladapo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Temitope S.","family":"Popoola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oluwamodupe M.","family":"Arotiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Minari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luqman A.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Okpuzor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7136-0308","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mujeeb O.","family":"Shittu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0338800.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s42247-021-00178-6","article-title":"Nanotechnology: an emerging approach to combat COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"AD Chintagunta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emergent Mater"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338800.ref002","first-page":"192","article-title":"Improving the efficacy of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 may require Zinc additives - 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