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Many tests of shape vs. texture bias have focused on shape recognition from an object\u2019s external contour. However, shape information is also conveyed through internal contours, shading, and attached shadows, especially when an object is viewed from noncanonical perspectives. Using models from ShapeNet, we created datasets of 120,000 texture-substituted images of objects from many viewpoints with and without shading and attached shadows. We tested humans\u2019 and several neural networks\u2019 ability to classify these objects by both their shape and their texture. Humans were much better at classifying texture-substituted objects by their shape than any network, although these differences were greater when shape was defined only by the external contour than when 3D cues were included. Our findings suggest that networks\u2019 texture bias is reduced when 3D cues are included in images. We next tested whether the inclusion of 3D cues benefitted humans and neural networks more for images of objects viewed from canonical or noncanonical perspectives. Consistent with earlier research, we found that 3D cues primarily benefitted humans for noncanonical images. For neural networks, the greatest performance gains were for canonical images. These findings suggest fundamental differences in how humans and networks use shading and attached shadows for object recognition. We argue that humans use these cues to infer objects\u2019 3D structures while neural networks use them as another surface-level cue like texture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0338885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:21:37Z","timestamp":1780075297000},"page":"e0338885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-dimensional shape cues affect human and artificial recognition systems differently"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mikayla","family":"Cutler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4031-7611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luke","family":"Baumel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Tocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3987-5277","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William","family":"Friebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0452-5571","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George K.","family":"Thiruvathukal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1385-2922","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0338885.ref001","unstructured":"Attarian M. 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