{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T06:51:58Z","timestamp":1782197518007,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008561","name":"Burnet Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE240101056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE240101056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n In Australia, the health of people in police custody facilities and the conditions of their detention have been the focus of repeated scrutiny and investigations since the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody was published in 1991. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive, consolidated evidence on the health needs of this population. To address this gap, we conducted a scoping review to identify and describe the available information on their health status and determinants of health.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We followed the JBI methodology for scoping reviews, including searching databases of academic and grey literature, and hand searching websites, citations and review articles published since 2000. Final searches were completed on February 3, 2025. Study characteristics, determinants of health, and health conditions were extracted from included sources, and analyzed by jurisdiction, date, and document type.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n We identified 172 relevant information sources, including 141 grey literature documents and 31 academic publications, published between 2000 and 2024 from every state and territory in Australia. Sources most frequently used data from New South Wales, Western Australia, and Queensland. More than half (57%) of sources used data from the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program. Individual (age, gender, Indigenous status) and mental health and drug use characteristics were the most frequently reported data. Other important health determinants such as tobacco use, diet, exercise, stress, exposure to violence, and environmental conditions of police custody were largely underreported. No general health status or burden of illness studies were identified.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Available information on the health of people in police custody in Australia is fragmented, mostly drawn from a single program, and focused primarily on mental health and substance use, while data on physical health and broader health determinants are limited. Enhancing systems that routinely monitor and transparently report health priorities for police custody are needed to improve health service provision and support environments that promote detainee health.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0338957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T19:07:05Z","timestamp":1767121625000},"page":"e0338957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The determinants of health and health status of individuals in police custody in Australia: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6392-3426","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua F.","family":"Ginnane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Stoov\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley J.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0338957.ref001","volume-title":"Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody: National Report Volume 1","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref002","volume-title":"Review of ACT Policing\u2019s watchhouse operations: A joint report by the Australian Federal Police and the Commonwealth Ombudsman","author":"Australian Federal Police, Commonwealth Ombudsman","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref003","volume-title":"Australian Federal Police: Use of powers under the Intoxicated People (Care and Protection) Act 1994","author":"Commonwealth Ombudsman & Law Enforcement Ombudsman","year":"2008"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref004","volume-title":"Police use of force in Queensland watch-houses","author":"State of Queensland (Crime and Corruption Commission)","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref005","volume-title":"Investigation into deaths and harm in custody","author":"Victorian Ombudsman","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref006","volume-title":"Conditions for persons in custody: Report of Ombudsman Victoria and Office of Police Integrity","author":"Ombudsman Victoria, Office of Police Integrity Victoria","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref007","volume-title":"Prisoners in Australia methodology","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref008","volume-title":"The health of people in Australia\u2019s prisons 2022","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref009","volume-title":"Deaths in custody in Australia","author":"Australian Institute of Criminology","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.52922\/sr78573","volume-title":"Drug use monitoring in Australia: Drug use among police detainees, 2021","author":"A Voce","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.52922\/sr77772","volume-title":"Deaths in custody in Australia 2023\u201324","author":"H Miles","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0338957.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51688","article-title":"Health care in police watch-houses: a challenge and an opportunity","volume":"217","author":"JL Crilly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338957.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anzjph.2023.100040","article-title":"Police custody in Australia: A call for transparency and accountability","volume":"47","author":"S Walker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338957.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.auec.2023.01.004","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of patient presentations to the emergency department via police: A scoping review","volume":"26","author":"R Wardrop","year":"2023","journal-title":"Australas Emerg Care"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102198","article-title":"Structures, processes and outcomes of health care for people detained in short-term police custody settings: A scoping review","volume":"81","author":"R Wardrop","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref016","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0338957.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/hojo.12495","article-title":"Women who die in custody: What Australian coroners\u2019 reports tell us","volume":"61","author":"T Walsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Howard J Crime Justice"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338957.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/10345329.2019.1603831","article-title":"Deaths in custody in Australia: a quantitative analysis of coroners\u2019 reports","volume":"31","author":"T Walsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Issues in Criminal Justice"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref019","article-title":"Scoping Reviews.","volume-title":"JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis","author":"MD Peters","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0338957.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref021","article-title":"Health in police custody in Australia: a scoping review","author":"JF Ginnane","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref022","volume-title":"Covidence systematic review software","author":"Veritas Health Innovation"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref023","volume-title":"Microsoft Excel 365","author":"Microsoft Corporation"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref024","volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision (ICD-11)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref025","volume-title":"Independent review into investigations of police-related deaths, and domestic and family violence deaths in Queensland","author":"L Mazerolle","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref026","volume-title":"Deaths in custody: 10 years on from the Royal Commission","author":"P Williams","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref027","volume-title":"Indigenous deaths in custody: 25 years since the Royal Commission into Aboriginal deaths in custody","author":"A Gannoni","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref028","volume-title":"Post visit summary: Cocos (Keeling) Islands police station","author":"Commonwealth Ombudsman, Commonwealth National Preventative Mechanism","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref029","volume-title":"Post visit summary: Christmas Island police station","author":"Commonwealth Ombudsman, Commonwealth National Preventative Mechanism","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0338957.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/1098611120957767","article-title":"When Suspects Resist Arrest: Prevalence, Correlates, and Implications for Front-Line Policing","volume":"24","author":"KA Hine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Police Quarterly"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref031","volume-title":"In safe custody: Inquiry into custodial arrangements in police lock-ups","author":"Community Development and Justice Standing Committee P of WA","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0338957.ref032","first-page":"37","article-title":"Victims or offenders: Who were the 11 Indigenous female prisoners who died in custody and were investigated by the Australian Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody?","volume":"19","author":"E Marchetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Rev Vict"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref033","volume-title":"Update on conditions in Victoria Police cells","author":"Office of Police Integrity V","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.52922\/ti141515","volume-title":"The nature of risk during interactions between the police and intoxicated offenders","author":"G Fuller","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref035","volume-title":"Restoring order: Crime prevention, policing and local justice in Queensland\u2019s Indigenous communities","author":"Crime and Misconduct Commission Queensland","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref036","volume-title":"Managing intoxicated offenders: Best practice in responding to individuals affected by drugs and alcohol","author":"G Fuller","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338957.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/ajs4.70","article-title":"Deaths of people with serious mental disorder: An exploration of deaths in custody and fatal police contacts","volume":"54","author":"B Crissman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust J Social Issues"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0338957.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1758243","article-title":"Suicide deaths following police contact: A review of coronial inquest 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Ombudsman, Commonwealth National Preventative Mechanism","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0338957.ref049","volume-title":"Post visit summaries: ACT Policing watch house and ACT police stations","author":"ACT Ombudsman, Commonwealth National Preventative Mechanism","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["PLOS 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