{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T18:05:36Z","timestamp":1779991536911,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2023QC326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023QC326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014103","name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023TZXD028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TZXD028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Long-term monoculture of ginger triggers\n                    <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic>\n                    wilt, a disease caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Fusarium oxysporum<\/jats:italic>\n                    f. sp.\n                    <jats:italic>zingiberi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Foz<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). However, the interaction between autotoxins and pathogens remains poorly understood. This study examined the allelopathic effects of four autotoxins, syringic acid, coumarin, ferulic acid, and 7-hydroxycoumarin, on the growth, reproduction, and virulence traits of\n                    <jats:italic>Foz<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These compounds were previously identified as inhibitors of ginger growth and enzyme activity. The results revealed that the responses of\n                    <jats:italic>Foz<\/jats:italic>\n                    varied, likely because of the structural differences among the autotoxins. Syringic acid significantly inhibited mycelial growth, sporulation, and spore germination, while markedly enhancing the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes and mycotoxin synthesis, as evidenced by the upregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>FUB3 and FUB9<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Coumarin demonstrated a pronounced inhibitory effect on biomass production while concurrently stimulating sporulation and mycotoxin synthesis, as indicated by the upregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>FUB6<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>FUB9<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Ferulic acid treatment reduced the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes and spore germination, while upregulating sporulation and mycotoxin synthesis. A similar pattern was observed with 7-hydroxycoumarin, which exerted a strong inhibitory effect on mycelial growth, biomass production, mycotoxin synthesis, and\n                    <jats:italic>FUB<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene cluster expression, except for\n                    <jats:italic>FUB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>FUB3<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression. In conclusion, four autotoxins exhibited diverse defensive roles against\n                    <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic>\n                    wilt, whereas the pathogen enhanced its pathogenicity to counter host regulations. This study provides the first evidence of an interaction between ginger autotoxins and\n                    <jats:italic>Foz<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T17:30:25Z","timestamp":1779989425000},"page":"e0339014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physiologic and molecular response of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi to ginger 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