{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T18:39:39Z","timestamp":1766169579304,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n The study aims to investigate the dry eye search term pattern in Saudi Arabia using Google Trends, and to explore the association of weather changes on dry eye disease (DED) search interests.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Time series analysis for data that were collected from Google Trends (GTs) on period from January 2011 to October 2024 using Arabic term for Dry Eye with setting allocated in Saudi Arabia. Seasonality was evaluated using Fourier terms in ARIMA regression model. Monthly variation was further evaluated. Climate factors, mean surface air temperature, relative humidity and accumulated precipitate were incorporated into ARIMAX model to find environmental relationship with DED. Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to confirm significant finding in monthly variation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Dry eye disease (DED) related search term demonstrates significant monthly differences (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.008). Monthly effect ARIMA model (R\u00b2\u2009=\u20090.93) identified sustained high season from February through August higher than January. June represents maximum annual peak. A significant upward trend of 0.48 per month in RSV is also noted over the 13-year period (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). In ARIMAX model, relative humidity is most important associated factor with dry eye search activity (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.26,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.002).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n This study is the first evidence of seasonality of DED using Google Trends (GTs) in Saudi Arabia and highlighting the growing public health concern of DED. Understanding the disease pattern can aid public health implications to decrease risk of DED. This finding can serve as valuable reference to supplement traditional methods.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T18:37:21Z","timestamp":1766169441000},"page":"e0339170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dry eye disease seasonal pattern and climatic association in Saudi Arabia using Google Trends"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0713-2272","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdulaziz S.","family":"AlHarthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339170.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-013-0009-1","article-title":"Dry eye disease: impact on quality of life and vision","volume":"1","author":"M Uchino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Ophthalmol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339170.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.08.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II report executive summary","volume":"15","author":"JP Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339170.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report","volume":"15","author":"F Stapleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339170.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4102\/aveh.v80i1.591","article-title":"A systematic review on prevalence, risk factors, clinical diagnosis and medical management of dry eye disease in the Arab population","volume":"80","author":"MA Aljarousha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Afr Vis Eye Health"},{"key":"pone.0339170.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3851","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S385040","article-title":"Prevalence and behavioral-based risk factors (eye cosmetic and tobacco use) of symptomatic dry eye disease in four Middle Eastern countries: Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Palestine","volume":"16","author":"W Ghach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0339170.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2023.04.007","article-title":"TFOS Lifestyle Report: impact of environmental conditions on the ocular surface","volume":"29","author":"M Alves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339170.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1157","article-title":"Infodemiology and infoveillance: framework for an emerging set of public health informatics methods to analyze search, communication and publication behavior on the Internet","volume":"11","author":"G Eysenbach","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339170.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2022.2040542","article-title":"More than just a stye: identifying seasonal patterns using google trends, and a review of infodemiological literature in ophthalmology","volume":"42","author":"T Pradeep","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"pone.0339170.ref009"},{"key":"pone.0339170.ref010"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339170.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002579","article-title":"A novel epidemiological approach to geographically mapping population dry eye disease in the United States through Google Trends","volume":"40","author":"DB Azzam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339170.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14010090","article-title":"Association between air pollution exposure and daily outpatient visits for dry eye disease: a time-series study in Urumqi, China","volume":"14","author":"K Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339170.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12985","article-title":"Evidence of seasonality and effects of psychrometry in dry eye disease","volume":"94","author":"G van Setten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0339170.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834926","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.834926","article-title":"Utilizing Baidu index to investigate seasonality, spatial distribution and public attention of dry eye diseases in Chinese Mainland","volume":"10","author":"H Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0339170.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352057","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1352057","article-title":"Time-series analysis of the association between air pollution exposure and outpatient visits for dry eye disease: a case study in Zhengzhou, China","volume":"12","author":"M Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339170.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21046","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25557-9","article-title":"Seasonal variations in presenting symptoms and signs of dry eye disease in Norway","volume":"12","author":"JR Eidet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0339170.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S436027","article-title":"Dry Eye Disease in the Middle East and Northern Africa: a position paper on the current state and unmet needs","volume":"18","author":"S Lazreg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0339170.ref018"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0339170.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-019-4866-2","article-title":"Assessment of meteorological droughts over Saudi Arabia using surface rainfall observations during the period 1978\u20132017","volume":"12","author":"M Almazroui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339170.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-020-06291-w","article-title":"Analysis of sand and dust storm events over Saudi Arabia in relation with meteorological parameters and ENSO","volume":"14","author":"AH Labban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339170.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.5.25","article-title":"Climatic and environmental correlates of dry eye disease severity: a report from the dry eye assessment and management (DREAM) study","volume":"9","author":"EJ Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0339170.ref022","article-title":"Awareness about dry eye symptoms and risk factors among eastern province population in Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"AI AlSomali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339170.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-01978-4","article-title":"The prevalence, severity, and risk factors for dry eye disease in Dubai - a cross sectional study","volume":"21","author":"S Alkabbani","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339170.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101539","article-title":"Systemic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors for dry eye disease in a mediterranean caucasian population","volume":"45","author":"JV Garc\u00eda-Marqu\u00e9s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"pone.0339170.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.10.053","article-title":"The mystery of dry indoor air - an overview","volume":"121","author":"P Wolkoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339170.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00540-9","article-title":"Digital eye strain- a comprehensive review","volume":"11","author":"K Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0339170.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0328235","article-title":"Incidence of dry eye symptoms and behavioural-cultural risk factors among university students population in Jordan","volume":"20","author":"MM Bakkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339170","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T18:37:25Z","timestamp":1766169445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339170"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Wissam","family":"Ghach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339170","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]}}}