{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:32:37Z","timestamp":1784694757116,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zunyi Science and Technology Program Project","award":["Zunshi Kehe HZ Zi (2024) No. 246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Zunshi Kehe HZ Zi (2024) No. 246"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of postoperative complications in children with hypospadias is notably high; however, research on predictive models for these complications remains limited. This study aims to analyze the factors associated with postoperative complications following hypospadias surgery and to develop a nomogram predictive model for such complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 553 hypospadias patients who underwent surgery at Zunyi Medical University Affiliated Hospital from 1\/1\/2016\u20131\/1\/2023.The patients were randomly divided into training (n\u2009=\u2009389) and validation (n\u2009=\u2009164) cohorts in a 7:3 ratio. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed on the training cohort to identify risk factors for postoperative complications, which were then used to develop a nomogram prediction model. Finally, the internal validation cohort was used to assess the model\u2019s prognostic accuracy and clinical utility. All statistical analyses were performed using R software(Version 4.2.2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the training cohort identified six independent risk factors for postoperative complications in hypospadias surgery: age (OR=1.02, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.03,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), surgeon\u2019s experience (OR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.26\u20130.75,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0026), glans width (OR=0.70, 95% CI: 0.59\u20130.82,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), length of reconstructed urethra (OR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.06,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003), hypospadias classification (OR=4.26, 95% CI: 1.96\u20139.26,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and urethral stent retention time (OR=0.25, 95% CI: 0.12\u20130.52,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Based on these factors, a nomogram was constructed. The area under the curve of the nomogram model was 0.800, and after internal validation it was 0.821, indicating good discriminative ability. Furthermore, the model exhibited excellent calibration and high clinical utility.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed and validated a nomogram prediction model for postoperative complications in hypospadias surgery based on six factors: age, surgeon\u2019s experience, glans width, length of reconstructed urethra, hypospadias classification, and urethral stent retention time. It provides a scientific basis for implementing personalized medicine in hypospadias patients in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T18:35:41Z","timestamp":1766082941000},"page":"e0339188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of risk factors for postoperative complications in hypospadias and construction and validation of a nomogram predictive 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prevalence and trends in international birth defect surveillance systems, 1980-2010","volume":"76","author":"X Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339188.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.22854","article-title":"Time trends and geographic variations in the prevalence of hypospadias in China","volume":"94","author":"Y Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339188.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922816684613","article-title":"What is hypospadias?","volume":"56","author":"L Baskin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"pone.0339188.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459561","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1459561","article-title":"A qualitative content analysis of the experience of living with hypospadias: varying impact on identity and interpersonal 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