{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T12:33:43Z","timestamp":1784118823678,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GCF-913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCF-913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infection with\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MTB) may result in active tuberculosis (TB), bacterial clearance, or asymptomatic latent infection (LTBi). During the COVID-19 pandemic, interactions between MTB and SARS-CoV-2 infections were coincident in high TB burden countries such as Pakistan. The impact of LTBi on COVID-19 is not well understood. Here we investigated the association of LTBi with COVID-19 and its severity by determining cellular activation to MTB, IgG antibody responses and expression of genes associated with host immunity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age and sex matched Healthy Controls (HC, n\u2009=\u2009147) and COVID-19 patients (n\u2009=\u2009128) were recruited in this cross-sectional study. COVID-19 was categorized as ambulatory (n\u2009=\u2009103) or hospitalized (n\u2009=\u200925) disease. LTBi was determined using the X.DOT-TB ELISpot assay. RT-PCR based mRNA levels of IFN-\u03b3, IFN-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-10, OAS1, MAVS, SOCS1 and SOCS3 were determined in PBMCs. IgG to SARS-CoV-2 and rubella virus were measured.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that 18% of COVID-19 patients and 32% of HC were LTBi positive (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). All COVID-19 LTBi positive cases had ambulatory disease. Logistic regression analysis revealed individuals with LTBi to have a 54% lower risk of COVID-19. The frequency of MTB-specific IFN-\u03b3 producing T cells was lower in COVID-19 patients than in HC LTBi positive individuals (p\u2009=\u20090.0095). The presence of a BCG scar was not associated with the occurrence of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Levels of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were raised in COVID-19 cases but did not differ by LTBi status in HC or COVID-19 groups. IgG levels to rubella virus were similar regardless of LTBi status in control and patient groups. COVID-19 cases displayed higher expression of mRNA levels of MAVS, OAS-1, and SOCS3 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Further, OAS-1 expression was raised in LTBi positive COVID-19 group as compared to the LTBi positive HC group (p\u2009=\u20090.019).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed that T cell reactivity to MTB was associated with milder COVID-19. Reduced severity of COVID-19 and higher OAS-1 gene expression in COVID-19 LTBi positive individuals suggest a protective effect in these individuals. Further studies are required to investigate the combined impact of MTB and SARS-CoV-2 infections in the host.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T19:05:00Z","timestamp":1767121500000},"page":"e0339240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Individuals with latent tuberculosis in a high TB endemic country show mild COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0517-247X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Uzair","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran Iqbal","family":"Masood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tulaib","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bushra","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shama","family":"Qaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maliha","family":"Yameen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Rottenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabia","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7580-372X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zahra","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0339240.ref001","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins University. 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