{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T18:41:15Z","timestamp":1766774475769,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horned Lizard Conservation Society","award":["2009, 2010, 2012, 2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009, 2010, 2012, 2013"]}]},{"name":"USU Graduate Studies Summer Research Award","award":["2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2008"]}]},{"name":"Research Grant, Department of Biology, USU","award":["2006, 2007, 2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2006, 2007, 2008"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM103408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Body size is an important biological concept as it impacts nearly all aspects of an organism. In mainland systems, body size tends to show clinal variation; however, drastic body size shifts are typically limited to insular systems in correspondence with abrupt changes in climate patterns and resource availability, often in coordination with reduced genetic diversity. We investigate a rare occurrence of dwarfism and its influence on sexual size dimorphism (SSD) among two mainland species inhabiting the San Luis Valley (Valley) using museum and live specimens. The Valley population of the greater short-horned lizard (\n                    <jats:italic>Phrynosoma hernandesi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is 33.7% smaller and the Valley population of the Great Plains toad (\n                    <jats:italic>Anaxyrus cognatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is 32.9% smaller than populations surrounding the Valley (Outside). The greater short-horned lizard exhibits female-biased SSD range wide, and female-biased SSD among Valley populations is maintained for head length and width but is inconsistent among test groups for radius, hand, and femur length. In the Great Plains toad, SSD is absent among museum specimens from the Outside population and live specimens the Valley population, but shows a weak presence in parotoid gland morphology among museum specimens from the Valley. Although the mechanisms underlying dwarfism and possible selective pressures associated with shifts in female-biased SSD are unknown, we present a rare instance of mainland dwarfism and its influence on SSD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T18:36:23Z","timestamp":1766774183000},"page":"e0339275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isolated dwarfism and sexual dimorphism in a mainland population of the greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) and the Great Plains toad (Anaxyrus cognatus)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2031-3875","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan E.","family":"Lahti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leigh C.","family":"Latta, IV","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Pfrender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edmund D.","family":"Brodie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0339275.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511608551","volume-title":"The ecological implications of body size","author":"RH Peters","year":"1983"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0339275.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.04.005","article-title":"Body size in ecological networks","volume":"20","author":"G Woodward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339275.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.24.110193.002441","article-title":"Miniaturization of body size: organismal consequences and evolutionary significance","volume":"24","author":"J Hanken","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0339275.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13679","article-title":"Two-hundred million years of anuran body-size evolution in relation to geography, ecology and life history","volume":"33","author":"MC Womack","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339275.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2007.00327.x","article-title":"Size evolution in island lizards","volume":"16","author":"S Meiri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob Ecol Biogeogr"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0339275.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200651","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0651","article-title":"Shrinking before our isles: the rapid expression of insular dwarfism in two invasive populations of guttural toad (Sclerophrys gutturalis)","volume":"16","author":"J Baxter-Gilbert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339275.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01426-y","article-title":"The island rule explains consistent patterns of body size evolution in terrestrial vertebrates","volume":"5","author":"A Ben\u00edtez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339275.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/44.6.433","article-title":"Body size clines in sceloporus lizards: proximate mechanisms and demographic constraints","volume":"44","author":"MW Sears","year":"2004","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339275.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2007.00309.x","article-title":"Energy and interspecific body size patterns of amphibian faunas in Europe and North America: anurans follow Bergmann\u2019s rule, urodeles its converse","volume":"16","author":"M\u00c1 Olalla\u2010T\u00e1rraga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob Ecol Biogeogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339275.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08820-2","article-title":"Rapid dwarfing of an insular mammal - 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