{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T03:14:15Z","timestamp":1784085255003,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSS College of Physiotherapy","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as India. Many treatment approaches fail to address the multidimensional nature of LBP, leading to suboptimal outcomes. The Specific Treatment of Problems of the Spine (STOPS) approach addresses biological, neurophysiological, and psychosocial factors to deliver individualised physiotherapy for LBP, yet its effectiveness in India has not been explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of individualised physiotherapy using the STOPS approach compared to usual physiotherapy care in individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP) in India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a parallel-group superiority randomised controlled trial with blinding of participants, outcome assessors, and the data analyst. A total of 154 participants in India with CLBP will be recruited and randomised to receive 11 sessions of either individualised physiotherapy via the STOPS approach or usual physiotherapy care. The primary outcome is activity limitation measured using the Oswestry Disability Index at 26 weeks. Functional MRI and qualitative interviews will assess brain functional changes and participant experiences, respectively. Data will be analysed using intention-to-treat principles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study will provide insights into the effectiveness of the STOPS approach to delivering individualised physiotherapy for CLBP in India, in comparison to usual physiotherapy care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This trial is prospectively registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India: CTRI\/2024\/08\/072259,\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/ctri.nic.in\/Clinicaltrials\/pmaindet2.php?EncHid=MTAyNjY2&amp;Enc=&amp;userName=2024\/08\/072259\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/ctri.nic.in\/Clinicaltrials\/pmaindet2.php?EncHid=MTAyNjY2&amp;Enc=&amp;userName=2024\/08\/072259<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T18:22:56Z","timestamp":1767118976000},"page":"e0339280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["STOPS approach to individualised physiotherapy versus usual physiotherapy care for chronic low back pain in India: A randomised controlled trial protocol"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6227-5339","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Hahne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohini","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavitha","family":"Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa Sani","family":"Danazumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5524-190X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jon","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339280.ref001","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990-2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","author":"GBD 2021 Low Back Pain Collaborators","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339280.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2022.11145","article-title":"Low back pain in low- and middle-income countries, part 1: the problem","volume":"52","author":"S Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0339280.ref003","article-title":"The prognosis of acute and persistent low-back pain: a meta-analysis","volume":"184","author":"L da C Menezes Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339280.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00170.x","article-title":"Clinical course of non-specific low back pain: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies set in primary care","volume":"17","author":"CJ Itz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339280.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.10.005","article-title":"A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally","volume":"8","author":"S Dagenais","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"pone.0339280.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S306280","article-title":"Peripheral and central pathological mechanisms of chronic low back pain: a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"W Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0339280.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091334","article-title":"The evolving case supporting individualised physiotherapy for low back pain","volume":"8","author":"J Ford","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339280.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000100","article-title":"Subgrouping of low back pain patients for targeting treatments: evidence from genetic, psychological, and activity-related behavioral approaches","volume":"31","author":"IPJ Huijnen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0339280.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000157414.47713.78","article-title":"A systematic review of sociodemographic, physical, and psychological predictors of multidisciplinary rehabilitation-or, back school treatment outcome in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"30","author":"M van der Hulst","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339280.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2013.01.007","article-title":"Complexity in the physiotherapy management of low back disorders: clinical and research implications","volume":"18","author":"JJ Ford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0339280.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.07.005","article-title":"Individualized exercise in chronic non-specific low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis on the effects of exercise alone or in combination with psychological interventions on pain and disability","volume":"23","author":"J Fleckenstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"pone.0339280.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-104","article-title":"Specific treatment of problems of the spine (STOPS): design of a randomised controlled trial comparing specific physiotherapy versus advice for people with subacute low back disorders","volume":"12","author":"AJ Hahne","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339280.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095058","article-title":"Individualised physiotherapy as an adjunct to guideline-based advice for low back disorders in primary care: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"50","author":"JJ Ford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339280.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001734","article-title":"Individualized physical therapy is cost-effective compared with guideline-based advice for people with low back disorders","volume":"42","author":"AJ Hahne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339280.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.70011","article-title":"Current physiotherapy assessment and treatment practices for low back pain in Nigeria: a national survey","volume":"30","author":"MS Danazumi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0339280.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2024.12406","article-title":"How low back pain is managed-a mixed-methods study in 32 countries. Part 2 of low back pain in low- and middle-income countries series","volume":"54","author":"S Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"7555","key":"pone.0339280.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7555.1430","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain","volume":"332","author":"BW Koes","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0339280.ref018","article-title":"Chapter 3. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care","author":"M van Tulder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0339280.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215502cr562oa","article-title":"Systematic review of conservative interventions for subacute low back pain","volume":"16","author":"HM Pengel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339280.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1214-3","article-title":"How do we define the condition \u201crecurrent low back pain\u201d? A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"TR Stanton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339280.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1179\/1743288X11Y.0000000037","article-title":"A classification and treatment protocol for low back disorders: Part 3- functional restoration for intervertebral disc related problems","volume":"17","author":"JJ Ford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339280.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1179\/1743288X12Y.0000000034","article-title":"A classification and treatment protocol for low back disorders: Part 4- functional restoration for multi-factorial persistent pain","volume":"17","author":"JJ Ford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339280.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1179\/1743288X11Y.0000000033","article-title":"A classification and treatment protocol for low back disorders: Part 2- directional preference management for reducible discogenic pain","volume":"16","author":"JJ Ford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339280.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1179\/1743288X11Y.0000000005","article-title":"A classification and treatment protocol for low back disorders: Part 1- Specific manual therapy","volume":"16","author":"JJ Ford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339280.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002113","article-title":"Methods to discriminate between mechanism-based categories of pain experienced in the musculoskeletal system: a systematic review","volume":"162","author":"MA Shraim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0339280.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002577","article-title":"Features and methods to discriminate between mechanism-based categories of pain experienced in the musculoskeletal system: a Delphi expert consensus study","volume":"163","author":"MA Shraim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0339280.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002324","article-title":"Chronic nociplastic pain affecting the musculoskeletal system: clinical criteria and grading system","volume":"162","author":"E Kosek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339280.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00324-7","article-title":"Nociceptive, neuropathic, or nociplastic low back pain? The low back pain phenotyping (BACPAP) consortium\u2019s international and multidisciplinary consensus recommendations","volume":"6","author":"J Nijs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339280.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000001281","article-title":"Toward validation of clinical measures to discriminate between nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic pain: cluster analysis of a cohort with chronic musculoskeletal pain","volume":"41","author":"PW Hodges","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339280.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03590-x","article-title":"Clinical features as predictors of histologically confirmed inflammation in patients with lumbar disc herniation with associated radiculopathy","volume":"21","author":"JJ Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0339280.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817ba3bb","article-title":"A systematic review of the predictive ability of the Orebro musculoskeletal pain questionnaire","volume":"33","author":"RL Hockings","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"pone.0339280.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.06.036","article-title":"The convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21)","volume":"259","author":"D Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339280.ref033","article-title":"Measurement properties of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire in populations with musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"M-O Dub\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339280.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025570508954","article-title":"Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale","volume":"20","author":"A Osman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0339280.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990903167415","article-title":"Interpreting score differences in the Insomnia Severity Index: using health-related outcomes to define the minimally important difference","volume":"25","author":"M Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0339280.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150420","article-title":"Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and Oswestry Disability Index: which has better measurement properties for measuring physical functioning in nonspecific low back pain? Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"A Chiarotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"pone.0339280.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687","article-title":"Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide","volume":"348","author":"TC Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0339280.ref038","first-page":"271","article-title":"The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire","volume":"66","author":"JC Fairbank","year":"1980","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339280.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2007.01.008","article-title":"Rasch analysis of three versions of the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire","volume":"13","author":"M Davidson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339280.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/81.2.776","article-title":"A comparison of a modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale","volume":"81","author":"JM Fritz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339280.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/82.1.8","article-title":"A comparison of five low back disability questionnaires: reliability and responsiveness","volume":"82","author":"M Davidson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0339280.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31818916fd","article-title":"Responsiveness of a patient specific outcome measure compared with the Oswestry Disability Index v2.1 and Roland and Morris Disability Questionnaire for patients with subacute and chronic low back pain","volume":"33","author":"H Frost","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339280.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059736","article-title":"Patients\u2019 and physiotherapists\u2019 perspectives on implementing a tailored stratified treatment approach for low back pain in Nigeria: a qualitative study","volume":"12","author":"M Adje","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339280.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861719","DOI":"10.1080\/17482631.2020.1861719","article-title":"Patients\u2019 experiences of the BetterBack model of care for low back pain in primary care - a qualitative interview study","volume":"16","author":"P Enthoven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339280.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2017.03.007","article-title":"Exploring physiotherapists\u2019 experiences of implementing a cognitive behavioural approach for managing low back pain and identifying barriers to long-term implementation","volume":"104","author":"H Richmond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339280.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000284","article-title":"Factors influencing implementation of the GLA:D Back, an educational\/exercise intervention for low back pain: a mixed-methods study","volume":"19","author":"I Ris","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBI Evid Implement"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339280.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X05279903","article-title":"How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability","volume":"18","author":"G Guest","year":"2006","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"key":"pone.0339280.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-4-47","article-title":"A preliminary fMRI study of analgesic treatment in chronic back pain and knee osteoarthritis","volume":"4","author":"MN Baliki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"pone.0339280.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S339762","article-title":"The changes of brain function after spinal manipulation therapy in patients with chronic low back pain: a rest BOLD fMRI study","volume":"18","author":"Y-C Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339280.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-022-00721-8","article-title":"rTMS pain reduction effectiveness in non-specific chronic low back pain patients using rs-fMRI functional connectivity","volume":"42","author":"M Masoumbeigi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Biol Eng"},{"key":"pone.0339280.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2023.111674","article-title":"Lever positioning manipulation alters real-time brain activity in patients with lumbar disc herniation: an amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and regional homogeneity study","volume":"334","author":"X-C Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339280.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2020.11.007","article-title":"Increased salience network connectivity following manual therapy is associated with reduced pain in chronic low back pain patients","volume":"22","author":"K Isenburg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"pone.0339280.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00012","article-title":"Changes in gray matter volume after microsurgical lumbar discectomy: a longitudinal analysis","volume":"9","author":"M Luchtmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339280.ref054","first-page":"60","article-title":"The assessment of patient adherence to physiotherapy rehabilitation","volume":"31","author":"SF Bassett","year":"2003","journal-title":"NZ J Physiother"},{"key":"pone.0339280.ref055","volume-title":"Sample size tables for clinical studies","author":"D Machin","year":"2009","edition":"3"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339280.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000062554.74615.4C","article-title":"Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life: the remarkable universality of half a standard deviation","volume":"41","author":"GR Norman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339280.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095058","article-title":"Individualised physiotherapy as an adjunct to guideline-based advice for low back disorders in primary care: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"50","author":"JJ Ford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0339280.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ae2bd4","article-title":"Beyond minimally important change: defining a successful outcome of physical therapy for patients with low back pain","volume":"34","author":"JM Fritz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339280.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2015.05.013","article-title":"Intention-to-treat analysis","volume":"61","author":"MR Elkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339280.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2005.00045.x","article-title":"Good research practices for cost-effectiveness analysis alongside clinical trials: the ISPOR RCT-CEA Task Force report","volume":"8","author":"S Ramsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339280.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147","article-title":"Missing data: our view of the state of the art","volume":"7","author":"JL Schafer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339280.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1068","article-title":"Two-sample tests of area-under-the-curve in the presence of missing data","volume":"4","author":"J Spritzler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Biostat"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0339280.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph6122950","article-title":"Health economic assessment: a methodological primer","volume":"6","author":"S Simoens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339280.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1477","article-title":"Non-parametric methods for cost-effectiveness analysis: the central limit theorem and the bootstrap compared","volume":"19","author":"RM Nixon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"pone.0339280.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-6-52","article-title":"Using and interpreting cost-effectiveness acceptability curves: an example using data from a trial of management strategies for atrial fibrillation","volume":"6","author":"E Fenwick","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0339280.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200731","article-title":"Exploring the cost-utility of stratified primary care management for low back pain compared with current best practice within risk-defined subgroups","volume":"71","author":"DGT Whitehurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339280.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/14768320600941756","article-title":"Pain as an assault on the self: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the psychological impact of chronic benign low back pain","volume":"22","author":"JA Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339280","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T18:23:07Z","timestamp":1767118987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339280"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mansour Abdullah","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339280","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]}}}