{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:44:44Z","timestamp":1767206684643,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA063748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA063748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal morbidity and mortality (MMM) rates from drug overdoses have increased, especially among pregnant and postpartum women aged 35\u201344. However, there is limited understanding of how current toxicology testing practices are implemented in hospital settings and how well they support, or undermine, linkage to care. The goal of the study is to understand variations in toxicology testing use among pregnant and postpartum women, explore hospital- and individual-level differences, and assess outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the Socio-cultural Framework for the Study of Health Service Disparities (SCF-HSD) we will perform a mixed-methods study to understand testing policies and practices in NY State.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Aim 1 will employ multilevel statistical models using New York State Medicaid claims data (2021\u20132024) to identify predictors of perinatal toxicology testing and characterize hospital-level variation across hospitals. Aim 2 will involve one-on-one interviews with hospital administrators and clinical staff to document and analyze testing policies and practices, capturing diverse perspectives on testing rationales, attitudes, and adherence. Aim 3 will integrate quantitative and qualitative evidence through a mixed-methods design, incorporating perspectives of individuals with lived experience, via focus group sessions to inform and refine hospital policy recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings will inform how to improve disparities in toxicology testing for pregnant and postpartum women. Addressing these challenges requires shifting emphasis toward standardized, evidence-based toxicology testing protocols, strengthening pathways to supportive services, and advancing policy reforms that reduce stigma and inequities in care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:40:36Z","timestamp":1767206436000},"page":"e0339284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A multi-level explanatory-sequential mixed-methods study of perinatal toxicology practices in New York State: Protocol"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5549-2861","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sugy","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Knopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Neighbors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn A.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erinn","family":"Hade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chau","family":"Trinh-Shevrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2489-2942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mishka","family":"Terplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil S.","family":"Seligman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5398-7596","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David J.","family":"Garry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"McNeely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339284.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.4523","article-title":"Pregnancy and Postpartum Drug Overdose Deaths in the US Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"81","author":"B Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0339284.ref002","volume-title":"Addressing inequities to improve maternal health for all","author":"DW Bianchi"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0339284.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(02)00013-7","article-title":"The war on drugs and the war on abortion: some initial thoughts on the connections, intersections and effects","volume":"10","author":"LM Paltrow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reprod Health Matters"},{"key":"pone.0339284.ref004","article-title":"Pregnant drug users, fetal persons, and the threat to Roe v. 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