{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T19:15:35Z","timestamp":1770923735826,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Aquaculture plays a vital role in global food production, providing a significant source of protein and livelihood for millions of people worldwide. The toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO-NPs) can severely impact the health and productivity of farmed fish species, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Catla catla<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Vitamin C in protecting\n                    <jats:italic>C. catla<\/jats:italic>\n                    from the harmful effects of CuO-NPs, thereby contributing to sustainable aquaculture practices. Fish exposed to various levels of CuO-NPs and Vitamin C exhibited varying degrees of responses for proximate body composition, elemental concentration, and digestive enzymes. A total of 540 samples of\n                    <jats:italic>C. catla<\/jats:italic>\n                    were collected from Bahawalpur Fish Hatchery, Punjab, Pakistan. CuO-NPs synthesized by green synthesis from neem extracts (\n                    <jats:italic>Azadirachta indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) added in fish feed and exposed for 90 days in glass aquaria (Triplicate) with five experimental groups as T-I (2\u2009mg\/kg CuO-NPs), T-II (4\u2009mg\/kg CuO-NPs), T-III (2\u2009mg\/kg CuO-NPs with 250\u2009mg\/kg Vitamin C), T-IV (4\u2009mg\/kg CuO-NPs with 250\u2009mg\/kg Vitamin C) and T-V (250\u2009mg\/kg Vitamin C) and one control group (T-O). Results indicates that mean percent (%) moisture content was found 76.72\u2009\u00b1\u20091.82, 77.31\u2009\u00b1\u20092.63, 78.92\u2009\u00b1\u20092.12, 77.89\u2009\u00b1\u20091.09, 78.11\u2009\u00b1\u20091.45 and 76.50\u2009\u00b1\u20091.56 for T-O, T-I, T-II, T-III, T-IV and T-V, respectively. Lowest mean value of percent moisture content was found in T-V, while highest value was noted in T-II. The highest mean protein content (%) in\n                    <jats:italic>C. catla<\/jats:italic>\n                    was found in T-V (Vitamin C) while lowest in T-II (CuO-NPs 4\u2009mg\/kg). Concentrations of cadmium, lead and cobalt were non-quantifiable among all treatment groups, while the concentration (\u00b5gg\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) of all other studied metals (Fe, K, Na, Zn, Cr and Cu) found below the permissible limits. Regression analysis used to examine how different treatments affected the amounts of different elements in different studied groups. The levels of Fe, K, Na, and Zn were found higher in CuO-NPs treatments (T-I, T-II) compare with Vitamin C (T-III, T-IV), while the levels were levels found higher in T-V and highest in control group. Activities of digestive enzymes in various groups showed a significant difference with maximum value of protease activity in T-V (5.734\u2009\u00b1\u20090.60 U\/mL.min\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), while lower in T-II (4.68\u2009\u00b1\u20090.78). Activities of amylase was found maximum value in T-V (0.74\u2009\u00b1\u20090.14 U\/mL.min\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), while lower in T-V (0.54\u2009\u00b1\u20090.19). Maximum activities of lipase activity were observed in T-0, while lower in T-II.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T18:23:44Z","timestamp":1770920624000},"page":"e0339412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proximate body composition, elemental concentration and enzymatic activity analysis of Catla catla exposed to the nanoparticle (CuO-NPs) and Vitamin C"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7134-9978","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Najeeb Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Qaswar Ali","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huma","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rafiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339412.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.54112\/bcsrj.v2020i1.14","article-title":"Effects of carbosulfan on the biology of bird cherry oat aphid","volume":"2020","author":"S Ahamd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Clin Sci Res J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339412.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3923\/ijzr.2011.241.251","article-title":"Nutritive composition of some edible fin fishes","volume":"7","author":"S Ravichandr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Zool Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339412.ref003","first-page":"917","article-title":"Proximate composition of less-known processed and fresh fish species for determination of the nutritive values in Iran","volume":"8","author":"A Aberoumand","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Agric Technol"},{"key":"pone.0339412.ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chemical composition of fish and fishery products","author":"ZC Petricorena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handbook of Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339412.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-017-0402-z","article-title":"An overview of the ongoing insights in selenium research and its role in fish nutrition and fish health","volume":"43","author":"KU Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339412.ref006","first-page":"377","article-title":"Genotoxicity assessment of low concentration AgNPs to human peripheral blood lymphocytes","volume":"5","author":"E Vinita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"37","key":"pone.0339412.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190912165413","article-title":"Nanoparticles toxicity in fish models","volume":"25","author":"J Cazenave","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339412.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2022.217279","article-title":"Studies on digestive enzymes in different size groups of channa aurantimaculata musikasinthorn, 2000","volume":"26","author":"P Bhuyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt J of Aquatic Biolo and Fish"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339412.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.sja\/2020\/36.3.832.839","article-title":"Digestive enzymes activity with gut morphometric parameter of carnivorous fish wallago attu (siluridae, siluriformes)","volume":"36","author":"P Riaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"SJA"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339412.ref010","article-title":"Digestive enzymes and gut morphometric parameters of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus): Influence of body size and temperature","volume":"13","author":"YMI Hani","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339412.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2015.12.006","article-title":"Growth rate, body composition, digestive enzymes and transaminase activities, and plasma ammonia concentration of different weight Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. 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