{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:42:04Z","timestamp":1790617324319,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Department of Education for the Basic Research Funds Research Project","award":["145309509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["145309509"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["LH2024B028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2024B028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fabrication and mechanical properties of boron carbide\/regenerated cellulose composite fibers prepared via the copper ammonia method were investigated. The process involves dissolving cellulose in a copper ammonia solution, incorporating boron carbide powder, and subsequently performing wet spinning to produce composite fibers. The results indicate that the addition of boron carbide significantly alters the surface morphology and color of the fibers, rendering them rougher and darker. EDS analysis confirms the presence and distribution of boron carbide within the composite fibers, while TG analysis reveals enhanced thermal stability with increasing boron carbide content. XRD and FTIR analyses provide detailed insights into the crystal structure and functional groups of the composite fibers, confirming the successful incorporation of boron carbide into the cellulose matrix. Mechanical property evaluations show that smaller boron carbide particles (500 nm) have a more pronounced detrimental effect on the fracture strength of the composite fibers, likely due to agglomeration and the formation of stress concentrations. The post-treatment with glutaraldehyde at optimal concentrations and reaction times can enhance the tenacity of the composite fibers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T18:39:03Z","timestamp":1769020743000},"page":"e0339459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Construction and mechanical properties of boron carbide\/regenerated cellulose composite fiber based on copper ammonia method"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8015-9696","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yin","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouwei","family":"Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0339459.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.22.1085","article-title":"Structure and filtration performances of improved cuprammonium regenerated cellulose hollow fiber (improved BMM hollow fiber) for virus removal","volume":"22","author":"T Tsurumi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Polym J."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339459.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-04319-2","article-title":"Filter made of cuprammonium regenerated cellulose for virus removal: a mini-review","volume":"29","author":"S Ide","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cellulose (Lond)."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339459.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-023-05647-1","article-title":"Fabrication of antimicrobial viscose fibers containing silver nanoparticle@catechol formaldehyde resin microspheres","volume":"31","author":"J-L Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cellulose."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339459.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-016-1084-x","article-title":"Oxidation and structural changes in NMMO-regenerated cellulose films","volume":"23","author":"R Zimmermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cellulose."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123967","article-title":"Determination of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril length distribution by agarose gel electrophoresis","volume":"367","author":"J-S Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.08.054","article-title":"Preparation and properties of self-reinforced cellulose composite films from Agave microfibrils using an ionic liquid","volume":"114","author":"KO Reddy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339459.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200600442","article-title":"Regenerated-cellulose\/multiwalled- carbon-nanotube composite fibers with enhanced mechanical properties prepared with the ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride","volume":"19","author":"H Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Advanced Materials."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339459.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4410","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c20188","article-title":"Bifunctional regenerated cellulose\/polyaniline\/nanosilver fibers as a catalyst\/bactericide for water decontamination","volume":"13","author":"Q Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.12.051","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of regenerated cellulose films using borassus fruit fibers and an ionic liquid","volume":"160","author":"KO Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117023","article-title":"Regenerated cellulose nanofiber reinforced chitosan hydrogel scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"251","author":"B Maharjan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125067","article-title":"Regenerated cellulose\/chitosan composite aerogel with highly efficient adsorption for anionic dyes","volume":"244","author":"S He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.09.078","article-title":"Synthesis and catalytic properties of silver nanoparticles supported on porous cellulose acetate sheets and wet-spun fibers","volume":"157","author":"T Kamal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339459.ref013","article-title":"Highly porous regenerated cellulose hydrogel and aerogel prepared from hydrothermal synthesized cellulose carbamate","volume":"12","author":"S Gan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.12.018","article-title":"Development of a novel regenerated cellulose composite material","volume":"121","author":"R De Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.126677","article-title":"Dye adsorption and antimicrobial performances of composite nanofiber membranes containing cuprammonium cellulose","volume":"339","author":"D Iqbal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Separation and Purification Technology."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.04.004","article-title":"Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness and serviceability of the multilayer structured cuprammonium fabric\/polypyrrole\/copper (CF\/PPy\/Cu) composite","volume":"297","author":"H Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0339459.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2011.04865.x","article-title":"Boron carbide: structure, properties, and stability under stress","volume":"94","author":"V Domnich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Ceram Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339459.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-2219(90)90048-K","article-title":"Boron carbide\u2014a comprehensive review","volume":"6","author":"F Th\u00e9venot","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of the European Ceramic Society."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339459.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/09243046.2020.1759482","article-title":"A review on mechanical and tribological characterization of boron carbide reinforced epoxy composite","volume":"30","author":"S Bhatia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advanced Composite Materials."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339459.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220571","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2022-0571","article-title":"An overview of the synthesis of silicon carbide\u2013boron carbide composite powders","volume":"12","author":"W Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanotechnology Reviews."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.103214","article-title":"Sustainable innovations: mechanical and thermal stability in palm fiber-reinforced boron carbide epoxy composites","volume":"24","author":"T Raja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results in Engineering."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339459.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6223(92)90049-3","article-title":"Thermodynamic and experimental conditions for the fabrication of a boron carbide layer on high-modulus carbon fiber surfaces by RCVD","volume":"30","author":"H Vincent","year":"1992","journal-title":"Carbon."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0339459.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4155","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.27387","article-title":"Boron carbide reinforced electrospun nanocomposite fiber mats for radiation shielding","volume":"44","author":"M \u00d6zcan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymer Composites."},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0339459.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2013.07.038","article-title":"Effect of boron carbide nanoparticles on the fire reaction and fire resistance of carbon fiber\/epoxy composites","volume":"54","author":"M Rallini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polymer."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339459.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-016-9479-8","article-title":"Investigation of mechanical properties of aluminium 6061 -silicon carbide, boron carbide metal matrix composite","volume":"10","author":"PS Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Silicon."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2019.07.028","article-title":"Fabrication of boron carbide fibers consisting of connected particles by carbothermal reduction via electrospinning","volume":"254","author":"M Kakiage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Materials Letters."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0339459.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11062","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.28531","article-title":"The impact of boron carbide in soft and hard body armor: a comprehensive evaluation on Kevlar and UHMWPE fabrics","volume":"45","author":"R Makaoui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polymer Composites."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00222348.2024.2443723","article-title":"Mechanical and ablative properties of TiC-B 4 C modified carbon fiber\/boron phenolic resin composites in high-temperature environments","author":"W Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339459.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1515\/mt-2022-0347","article-title":"Effect of micro particle addition to the resin on the mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced composite plates","volume":"65","author":"ME Ozcan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials Testing."},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0339459.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14278","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c02233","article-title":"Energy harvesting using high-strength and flexible 3D-printed cellulose\/hexagonal boron nitride nanosheet composites","volume":"6","author":"A Jayakumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl Nano Mater."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119938","article-title":"Enhancing thermal conductivity and toughness of cellulose nanofibril\/boron nitride nanosheet composites","volume":"296","author":"Y Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339459.ref032","article-title":"Boron nitride whiskers and nano alumina synergistically enhancing the vertical thermal conductivity of epoxy-cellulose aerogel nanocomposites","volume":"6","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Compos Hybrid Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339459.ref033","first-page":"118","article-title":"Vertically aligned silicon carbide nanowires\/boron nitride cellulose aerogel networks enhanced thermal conductivity and electromagnetic absorbing of epoxy composites","volume":"14","author":"D Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomicro Lett."},{"issue":"46","key":"pone.0339459.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405235","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202405235","article-title":"Thermally conductive hexagonal boron nitride\/polymer composites for efficient heat transport","volume":"34","author":"C Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Funct Materials."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sari NH, Sujita S, Suteja S, Firdaus M, Wardani D, Syafri E. Alkali-engineered tobacco stem particles for polyester composites: enhancing physical, mechanical, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6702277\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6702277\/v1"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339459.ref036","first-page":"695","article-title":"Pandanus tectorius fiber\/rice husk powder as green reinforcement for lightweight composites: evaluation of impact strength properties and thermal stability","volume":"12","author":"NH Sari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mechanics of Advanced Composite Structures."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0339459.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.32604\/jrm.2025.02024-0058","article-title":"Integration of biopolyesters and natural fibers in structural composites: an innovative approach for sustainable materials","volume":"13","author":"NH Sari","year":"2025","journal-title":"JRM."},{"key":"pone.0339459.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2025.101262","article-title":"Bio-composites from Nicotiana tabacum stems waste: exploring cellulose powder content and its impact on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties","volume":"12","author":"NH Sari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339459.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1520\/MPC20230092","article-title":"A novel microfiber cellulose from paederia foetida stems: characterization of physical, morphology, thermal, and chemical properties","volume":"13","author":"N Herlina Sari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Materials Performance and Characterization."}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339459","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T18:39:10Z","timestamp":1769020750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339459"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Karthik","family":"Kannan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339459","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}}}