{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T12:10:20Z","timestamp":1790424620274,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global education systems, forcing rapid shifts in teaching practices, technology integration, and assessment methods. However, little is known about how teacher efficacy, job satisfaction, and digital adoption vary across economic contexts. Insufficient research examines how income levels influence these factors, hindering equitable support for educators in post-pandemic recovery. This study examines variations in teacher efficacy (TE), job satisfaction (JS), assessment practices (AP), and technology adoption (UIT\/UDT) across low-, upper-middle-, and high-income countries (LMICs, UMICs, HICs) before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Guided by Bandura\u2019s Social Cognitive Theory, the analysis explores how these factors interact and shift in response to pandemic-related disruptions in educational systems. The study utilizes PISA 2018 (pre-pandemic) and 2022 (post-pandemic) data from 128,866 teachers across 24 countries, employing structural equation modeling and machine learning as primary analytical techniques. Results indicate that job satisfaction significantly affects teacher efficacy but has minimal direct impact on the use of instructional technology tools. Teacher efficacy demonstrates a significant positive effect on both technology adoption (UIT) and assessment practices, while the use of digital learning and communication tools similarly influences assessment practices. These findings suggest that teacher efficacy and digital tool integration are key determinants of assessment practices. The study highlights how economic contexts shape teacher development, proposing targeted approaches for equitable post-pandemic education. HICs benefit from institutional support reinforcing the JS-TE relationship, while LMICs require solutions addressing resource gaps that impede consistent technology implementation. These evidence-based findings support context-specific policy interventions to enhance teacher support and digital integration globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T18:54:36Z","timestamp":1768935276000},"page":"e0339475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigating the relationship between teacher efficacy, job satisfaction, and digital resource utilization in assessment practices: Insights from PISA 2018 and 2022"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1437-6661","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dirgha Raj","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2430-4239","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeevan","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bishnu Maya","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"pone.0339475.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.20431\/2349-0381.1201011","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and the Digital Transformation: a comparative case study of the countries of the European Union","volume":"12","author":"PI Mazza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Humanit Soc Sci Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/rem-2024-0002","article-title":"Rapid review of the COVID-19 pandemic\u2019s impact on the digitalization of higher education","volume":"16","author":"J Chukwuere","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research on Education and Media"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref003","article-title":"The Effects of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Pedagogy and Student Learning Outcome in Higher Education","author":"S Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"ICST Transactions on Scalable Information Systems"},{"issue":"09","key":"pone.0339475.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.70333\/ijeks-03-09-034","article-title":"Hybrid Pedagogies: Assessing the Effectiveness of Blended and Flipped Learning in Digital Learning Environments","volume":"03","author":"DrM Mushtaq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Knowl Stud"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.47772\/IJRISS.2025.903SEDU0093","article-title":"Digital Learning Tools: Analysis of the Applicability of Integrating Technology to the Teaching of Visual Arts Education","author":"R Ramli","year":"2025","journal-title":"IJRISS"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0339475.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287555","article-title":"The influence of school climate on teachers\u2019 job satisfaction: The mediating role of teachers\u2019 self-efficacy","volume":"18","author":"J Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 and youth: Uncertainty, stress, anxiety","volume":"11","author":"S Ghimire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Youth Voice J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0339475.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.47760\/cognizance.2023.v03i08.004","article-title":"Self-efficacy and its influence on the teaching effectiveness and job satisfaction among teachers","volume":"3","author":"SK Tatao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0339475.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v3-i12\/472","article-title":"Application of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in restructuring state intervention strategies toward paddy production development","volume":"3","author":"S Shadfar","year":"2013","journal-title":"IJARBSS"},{"issue":"07","key":"pone.0339475.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.56982\/dream.v3i07.246","article-title":"Exploring the Influence of Teacher Self-Efficacy on Teaching Quality in Higher Vocational Education","volume":"3","author":"C Na","year":"2024","journal-title":"DREAM"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0339475.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.4236\/ce.2016.713182","article-title":"Teacher Stress and Teacher Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Engagement, Emotional Exhaustion, and Motivation to Leave the Teaching Profession","volume":"07","author":"EM Skaalvik","year":"2016","journal-title":"CE"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237052","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1237052","article-title":"School distress and the school attendance crisis: a story dominated by neurodivergence and unmet need","volume":"14","author":"SE Connolly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2025.101359","article-title":"Navigating the impact of the pandemic on teacher competencies: A comparative analysis across economic contexts using pre- and post-COVID-19 PISA data","volume":"11","author":"DR Joshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Social Sciences & Humanities Open"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13349","article-title":"Assessment of job satisfaction, self-efficacy, and the level of professional burnout of primary and secondary school teachers in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"10","author":"A Bartosiewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref015","volume-title":"Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory","author":"National Inst of Mental Health","year":"1986"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08856257.2021.1874153","article-title":"When home turns into quarantine school \u2013 new demands on students with special educational needs, their parents and teachers during COVID-19 quarantine","volume":"36","author":"K-T Lindner","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Special Needs Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"08","DOI":"10.26480\/bosoc.01.2024.08.15","article-title":"Economic inequalities in the u.s. digital era: a review: investigating the challenges and strategies to mitigate disparities","volume":"2","author":"OA Farayola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bus Organ Soc"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20552076251326673","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251326673","article-title":"Mitigate or exacerbate? Assessing digital engagement\u2019s impact on mental health inequalities across gender and urban-rural divides","volume":"11","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339475.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.25295\/fsecon.1464126","article-title":"From Theory to Action: Evaluating How (Digital) Nudges Influence Pro-Environmental Behaviors","volume":"8","author":"H Serim Toro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fiscaoeconomia"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339475.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.33.4.344","article-title":"The self system in reciprocal determinism","volume":"33","author":"A Bandura","year":"1978","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.24167\/psidim.v18i1.1708","article-title":"Social Cognitive Theory: A Bandura Thought Review published in 1982-2012","volume":"18","author":"SM Abdullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"psidim"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339475.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/02607476.2022.2098006","article-title":"Exploring teacher educators\u2019 post-pandemic intention to teach online in mainland China: the social cognitive career theory perspective","volume":"48","author":"S Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Education for Teaching"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339475.ref023","first-page":"53","article-title":"The social presence theory in distance education; the role of social presence in web-based educational environment","volume":"7","author":"K Aliabadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future of Medical Education Journal"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0339475.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5937\/ZRPFU2022025O","article-title":"Comparative investigation of job motivation, perceived job stress and job satisfaction on teacher\u2019s efficacy among public and private secondary school teachers in Ekiti State, Nigeria","author":"O Okpako E","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zb Pedag fak U\u017eice"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0339475.ref025","article-title":"Research on the Construction Mechanism and Improvement Path of the Initiative of International Chinese Teachers\u2019 Online Teaching from the Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory","volume":"3","author":"Y Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JoE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10888691.2022.2130506","article-title":"Educating teachers to enact the science of learning and development","volume":"28","author":"L Darling-Hammond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Developmental Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339475.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.19030\/tlc.v9i2.6902","article-title":"A Review Of Literature On Teacher Efficacy And Classroom Management","volume":"9","author":"WTS Dibapile","year":"2012","journal-title":"TLC"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339475.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/21532974.2019.1647579","article-title":"Personalized Professional Learning and Teacher Self-Efficacy for Integrating Technology in K\u201312 Classrooms","volume":"35","author":"AB Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339475.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440221116105","article-title":"Exploring University EFL Teachers\u2019 Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Teacher Efficacy in Technology-integrated Flipped Classroom","volume":"12","author":"M Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339475.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.53308\/ide.v6i2.64","article-title":"Preservice Teacher Experience with Technology Integration: How the Preservice Teacher\u2019s Efficacy in Technology Integration is Impacted by the Context of the Preservice Teacher Education Program","volume":"6","author":"L Ebersole","year":"2019","journal-title":"IDE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.53016\/jerp.v4i1.127","article-title":"Examining ESL Preservice Teachers\u2019 Personal Factors That Best Predict Their Confidence to Integrate Technology in Future Classrooms","volume":"4","author":"M Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"JERP"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339475.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/32614","article-title":"Mobile-Social Learning for Continuing Professional Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Integrative Review","volume":"8","author":"D Guillaume","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339475.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21432\/cjlt28610","article-title":"Online Teaching During COVID-19: An Analysis of Changing Self-Efficacy Beliefs","volume":"50","author":"J Forgie","year":"2024","journal-title":"CJLT"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339475.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.46328\/ijemst.3375","article-title":"Examining the Relationships between Teachers\u2019 Job Satisfaction and Technological Competencies","volume":"11","author":"S Nurgaliyeva","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJEMST"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339475.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/08920206211019400","article-title":"Teachers\u2019 commitment, self-efficacy and job satisfaction as communicated by trained teachers","volume":"37","author":"A Mokhtar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Management in Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339475.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.61093\/bel.8(3).184-198.2024","article-title":"Professional Standards and Educational Leadership: Higher Secondary Teachers\u2019 Behavioral Intention Towards Adopting New Teaching Technologies","volume":"8","author":"R Akther","year":"2024","journal-title":"BEL"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0339475.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.17406","article-title":"Improving the System to Support Clinician Well-being and Provide Better Patient Care","volume":"322","author":"P Carayon","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04048","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04048","article-title":"Economic evaluations of mammography to screen for breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"AV Icanervilia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066321","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1066321","article-title":"Self-efficacy, organizational commitment, workload as predictors of life satisfaction in elementary school teachers: the mediating role of job satisfaction","volume":"14","author":"JC Cayupe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref040","article-title":"Closing the divide: Exploring higher education teachers\u2019 perspectives on educational technology","author":"AS Al-Adwan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Information Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339475.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/13603116.2018.1455901","article-title":"School environment and mastery experience as predictors of teachers\u2019 self-efficacy beliefs towards inclusive teaching","volume":"24","author":"C Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Inclusive Education"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref042","first-page":"1","article-title":"Technology integration in emergency remote teaching: teachers\u2019 self-efficacy and sense of success","author":"A Hershkovitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol (Dordr)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339475.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2021.1991865","article-title":"Barriers and enablers to K-12 blended teaching","volume":"55","author":"CN Hanny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.36106\/ijar\/9507009","article-title":"Enhancing engagement and performance the role of hybrid learning models in post-pandemic higher education: review articlE","author":"YH Elhassan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IJAR"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0339475.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8514","DOI":"10.3390\/su15118514","article-title":"Acceptance of Mobile Learning Technology by Teachers: Influencing Mobile Self-Efficacy and 21st-Century Skills-Based Training","volume":"15","author":"NA Dahri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339475.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.59613\/hqc12371","article-title":"Teacher Professional Development in the Era of Digital Transformation: Strategies Challenges and Outcomes","volume":"1","author":"S Suardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"THEJOAS"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0339475.ref047","article-title":"Chatgpt as ai assistant in the pre-service teachers training and their future role in secondary schools: research in progresS","volume":"11","author":"MA Pesce","year":"2024","journal-title":"EJES"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0339475.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.3390\/su14084405","article-title":"More Knowledge, More Satisfaction with Online Teaching? Examining the Mediation of Teacher Efficacy and Moderation of Engagement during COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"S Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18260\/1-2--32764","article-title":"Evaluation of humans and software for grading in an engineering 3D CAD course.","author":"A Garland","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings. ASEE Conferences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2021.1887812","article-title":"How self-efficacy beliefs are related to assessment practices: a study of experienced university teachers","volume":"47","author":"L Myyry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339475.ref051","first-page":"130","article-title":"Assessment is contagious: the social contagion of formative assessment practices and self-efficacy among teachers","volume":"30","author":"Z Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0339475.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.14221\/ajte.2019v44n7.2","article-title":"Teacher Adaptive Practices: A Key Factor in Teachers\u2019 Implementation of Assessment for Learning","volume":"44","author":"T Loughland","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJTE"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.22492\/issn.2189-101X.2024.61","article-title":"Design reflective practice assessment tools for teacher on learning management system using AI adaptive feedback","author":"I Ikhsan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACEID Official Conference Proceedings. The International Academic Forum (IAFOR)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339475.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.9450","article-title":"Integration of simulation technology with assessment in initial teacher education","volume":"40","author":"N Kett","year":"2024","journal-title":"AJET"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356637","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2356637","article-title":"Metaverse-powered basic sciences medical education: bridging the gaps for lower middle-income countries","volume":"56","author":"SSB Zaidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339475.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2474","article-title":"Leveraging technology to improve access to medical education in anatomy and physiology in resource-limited settings: A mixed methods study","volume":"17","author":"AL Mora Carpio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339475.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1080\/02188791.2019.1626218","article-title":"School culture, self-efficacy, outcome expectation, and teacher agency toward reform with curricular autonomy in South Korea: a social cognitive approach","volume":"43","author":"M Min","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Education"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0339475.ref058","first-page":"13","article-title":"Examining K-12 teachers\u2019 digital competency and technology self-efficacy during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"JA Ogodo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref059","article-title":"Income inequality predicts competitiveness and cooperativeness at school","author":"N Sommet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanden J, Doepke M, Stuhler J. Education inequality. Center for economic performance. 2022. https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED622182.pdf","DOI":"10.3386\/w29979"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.22492\/issn.2758-0962.2022.15","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 on teachers\u2019 sense of efficacy and their attitudes towards online learning","author":"N Ly","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Paris Conference on Education 2022: Official Conference Proceedings"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0339475.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8015","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c03762","article-title":"The Power of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering Research","volume":"9","author":"P Anastas","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339475.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1108\/CRR-04-2023-0007","article-title":"Enhancing creative work behaviour in higher education institutions amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of self-efficacy","volume":"6","author":"HJP Odoch","year":"2024","journal-title":"CRR"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339475.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3390\/higheredu2040038","article-title":"Facilitators and Barriers to Online Teaching and Educational Technology Use by University Lecturers during COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence","volume":"2","author":"T Kaqinari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends in Higher Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339475.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13212","article-title":"The post-COVID-19 future of digital learning in higher education: Views from educators, students, and other professionals in six countries","volume":"53","author":"N Guppy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brit J Educational Tech"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339475.ref066","first-page":"65","article-title":"Teacher agency as a route to adaptive expertise: relational, informed, and reflective action","volume":"61","author":"JS Reichenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.54337\/nlc.v7.9253","article-title":"Symposium 5: International Tutor Perspectives on Undergraduate Networked Learning Environments","volume":"7","author":"G Parchoma","year":"2010","journal-title":"NLC"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339475.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276211008127","article-title":"Planetary Health, Climate Change, and Lifestyle Medicine: Threats and Opportunities","volume":"15","author":"N Pathak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339475.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312241300265","article-title":"Teacher Self-Efficacy, Instructional Practice, and Student Outcomes: Evidence from the TALIS Video Study","volume":"62","author":"J Jerrim","year":"2024","journal-title":"American Educational Research Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.58540\/ijmebe.v2i1.511","article-title":"Dynamics Of economic development disparities a new perspective in regional analysis","volume":"2","author":"AP Yuliana","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Management and Business Economics"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0339475.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278052","article-title":"Behavioral, cognitive, emotional and social engagement in mathematics learning during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"17","author":"DR Joshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440221085259","article-title":"Extending the Technology Acceptance Model to Explore Students\u2019 Intention to Use an Online Education Platform at a University in China","volume":"12","author":"L Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0339475.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2011.10.026","article-title":"Impact of competitiveness on salespeople\u2019s commitment and performance","volume":"65","author":"LW Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339475.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-007-9634-7","article-title":"Interpreting Structural Equation Modeling Results: A Reply to Martin and Cullen","volume":"83","author":"PA Dion","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"L Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1055-2","article-title":"RMSEA, CFI, and TLI in structural equation modeling with ordered categorical data: The story they tell depends on the estimation methods","volume":"51","author":"Y Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.54254\/2753-7064\/2024.18275","article-title":"Study on the Effect of International Disaster News Reporting on Public Environmental Protection Behavior","volume":"64","author":"Z Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"CHR"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"RM Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694961","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.694961","article-title":"Kernel Causality Among Teacher Self-Efficacy, Job Satisfaction, School Climate, and Workplace Well-Being and Stress in TALIS","volume":"12","author":"X Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0339475.ref080","volume-title":"Development as Freedom","author":"A Sen","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339475.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/09747338.2021.1908177","article-title":"Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use in ICT Support and Use for Teachers","volume":"62","author":"NU Eze","year":"2021","journal-title":"IETE Journal of Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339475.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2307\/2095101","article-title":"The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields","volume":"48","author":"PJ DiMaggio","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339475","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T18:54:48Z","timestamp":1768935288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339475"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Chhabi Lal","family":"Ranabhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339475","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]}}}