{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T21:39:28Z","timestamp":1770759568324,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsfonds Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsfonds of the University Psychiatric Clinics of Basel. There was no additional external funding received for this study."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia experience cognitive impairments, including a decline in social cognition, which encompasses facial emotion recognition. Facial emotion recognition is an important aspect of social interaction, guiding people\u2019s actions and influencing their social functioning. Early childhood experiences, such as parental attachment, are one of the most influential factors in the development of many psychiatric symptoms including impairment of social cognition. Our aim was to explore this poorly researched area. We investigate the hypothesis that dysfunctional parenting styles negatively affect facial emotion recognition abilities in general and further worsen these deficits in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. A total of 32 participants were included in an exploratory study, comprising 16 patients with paranoid schizophrenia recruited from forensic clinics in Switzerland, and 16 age and education matched healthy controls without history of psychiatric or neurological illnesses. Parental attachment was assessed using the Parental Bonding Inventory and subjects were assigned to subgroups of optimal vs. neglectful parenting style from both parental sides. Facial emotion recognition was operationalized as the error rate in an emotion-naming task using standardized images of the five basic emotions. Overall, schizophrenia patients made significantly more errors in the facial emotion recognition task than healthy controls. Interestingly, in the subgroup with optimal parental attachment experiences, patients did not significantly differ from controls, whereas in cases of neglectful parenting, the patients showed a much higher error rate in facial emotion recognition compared to healthy controls (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), as well as compared to patients with optimal parenting experience (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.01). Neglectful parenting appears to exacerbate the adverse effects of schizophrenia on facial emotion recognition; i.e., optimal parenting might mitigate deficits caused by schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients and help compensate for FER impairments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:23:45Z","timestamp":1770747825000},"page":"e0339713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Facial emotion recognition abilities of individuals with schizophrenia and the influence of parental bonding\u2014An exploratory study in a forensic sample"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6805-6353","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Salome","family":"Todua-Lennigk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0108-8935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gunnar","family":"Deuring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Graf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Hachtel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339713.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2010.12.3\/jkane","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"12","author":"JM Kane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"10053","key":"pone.0339713.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31460-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"02","key":"pone.0339713.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1469-4845","article-title":"Diagnose und Differenzialdiagnose der Schizophrenie","volume":"16","author":"J Moussiopoulou","year":"2022","journal-title":"PSYCH up2date"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339713.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20624","article-title":"Nonsocial and social cognition in schizophrenia: current evidence and future directions","volume":"18","author":"MF Green","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00157","article-title":"The Importance of Social Cognition in Improving Functional Outcomes in Schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"A Javed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026418","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1026418","article-title":"Social cognition training improves recognition of distinct facial emotions and decreases misattribution errors in healthy individuals","volume":"13","author":"SE Schoeneman Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339713.ref007","first-page":"41","article-title":"Social cognition: the key factor predicting social outcome in people with schizophrenia?","volume":"7","author":"PD Harvey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref008","first-page":"105","article-title":"Improving Facial Emotion Recognition in Schizophrenia: a Controlled Study Comparing Specific and Attentional Focused Cognitive Remediation","volume":"7","author":"GA\u00cfA\/RECOS Study Team","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.02.010","article-title":"Facial affect recognition in early and late-stage schizophrenia patients","volume":"172","author":"MV Romero-Ferreiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339713.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2015.01.001","article-title":"Specificity of facial emotion recognition impairments in patients with multi-episode schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"E Barkhof","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res Cogn"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633717","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.633717","article-title":"Facial Emotion Recognition in Schizophrenia","volume":"12","author":"Z Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0618-3","article-title":"The relationship between facial emotion recognition and executive functions in first-episode patients with schizophrenia and their siblings","volume":"15","author":"C Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.12.031","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between genetic risk for schizophrenia and facial emotion recognition","volume":"218","author":"D Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339713.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9040365","article-title":"Social and Neurocognitive Deficits in Remitted Patients with Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective and Bipolar Disorder","volume":"9","author":"L Dehelean","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0339713.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092619","article-title":"The Relationship between Cognitive Functions and Psychopathological Symptoms in First Episode Psychosis and Chronic Schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"K Rek-Owodzi\u0144","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339713.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01949-9","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: aetiology, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"28","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339713.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020401","article-title":"A Brief Review of Facial Emotion Recognition Based on Visual Information","volume":"18","author":"BC Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339713.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn192","article-title":"Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review","volume":"36","author":"CG Kohler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0339713.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7172","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18137172","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Current Measures of Theory of Mind in Adults with Schizophrenia","volume":"18","author":"Y-C Yeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0339713.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01652-y","article-title":"Improving emotion recognition is associated with subsequent mental health and well-being in children with severe behavioural problems","volume":"30","author":"AE Wells","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339713.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059421991688","article-title":"Emotion Recognition Deficits in Psychiatric Disorders as a Target of Non-invasive Neuromodulation: A Systematic Review","volume":"53","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339713.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2020.1815655","article-title":"Facial mimicry, empathy, and emotion recognition: a meta-analysis of correlations","volume":"35","author":"AC Holland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.03.006","article-title":"Face recognition in schizophrenia disorder: A comprehensive review of behavioral, neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies","volume":"53","author":"C Bortolon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.03.035","article-title":"Decoupling of spontaneous facial mimicry from emotion recognition in schizophrenia","volume":"275","author":"LJ Torregrossa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339713.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.11.005","article-title":"Emotion recognition impairment is present early and is stable throughout the course of schizophrenia","volume":"143","author":"A Comparelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339713.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617718001029","article-title":"Differences in Facial Emotional Recognition Between Patients With the First-Episode Psychosis, Multi-episode Schizophrenia, and Healthy Controls","volume":"25","author":"D Bosnjak Kuharic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.10.015","article-title":"Neurocognition and symptoms identify links between facial recognition and emotion processing in schizophrenia: meta-analytic findings","volume":"151","author":"J Ventura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0339713.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-01027-8","article-title":"Facial emotion recognition in people with schizophrenia and a history of violence: a mediation analysis","volume":"270","author":"V Bulgari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01303","article-title":"Recognition of Facial Emotional Expressions Among Italian Pre-adolescents, and Their Affective Reactions","volume":"9","author":"G Mancini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.06.006","article-title":"Early life experiences and social cognition in major psychiatric disorders: A systematic review","volume":"53","author":"KI Rokita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0339713.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2011.02285.x","article-title":"Recognition of facial emotion and perceived parental bonding styles in healthy volunteers and personality disorder patients","volume":"65","author":"L Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.05.014","article-title":"Defining the impact of childhood adversities on cognitive deficits in psychosis: An exploratory analysis","volume":"192","author":"I Schalinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0339713.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717003671","article-title":"Childhood adversity and cognitive function in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and healthy controls: evidence for an association between neglect and social cognition","volume":"48","author":"S Kilian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.04.004","article-title":"Sex differences in the effect of childhood trauma on the clinical expression of early psychosis","volume":"68","author":"M Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.02.004","article-title":"Childhood adversity and social functioning in psychosis: Exploring clinical and cognitive mediators","volume":"238","author":"J Palmier-Claus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-019-0239-1","article-title":"The prevalence of childhood trauma in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"18","author":"F Devi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.03.069","article-title":"The relationship between parental bonding and mood, anxiety and related disorders in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"307","author":"KN Kidd","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339713.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1385","article-title":"Parent-child relationship associated with the development of borderline personality disorder: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"M-\u00c8 Boucher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Personal Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339713.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.10.008","article-title":"Parental bonding and eating disorders: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"A Tetley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339713.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32833a51ce","article-title":"The role of early parental bonding in the development of psychiatric symptoms in adulthood","volume":"23","author":"AR Lima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339713.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.08.015","article-title":"Relationship between parental bonding and mood disorder in six European countries","volume":"143","author":"D Heider","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339713.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-007-0302-0","article-title":"Adverse parenting as a risk factor in the occurrence of anxiety disorders\u00a0: a study in six European countries","volume":"43","author":"D Heider","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0339713.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000864","article-title":"Parental bonding: Psychometric properties and association with lifetime depression and anxiety disorders","volume":"32","author":"M-L Kullberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.02.017","article-title":"Relation between psychotic symptoms, parental care and childhood trauma in severe mental disorders","volume":"251","author":"A Catalan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339713.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.10.014","article-title":"Evaluative beliefs as mediators of the relationship between parental bonding and symptoms of paranoia and depression","volume":"215","author":"C Valiente","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref046","first-page":"201","article-title":"The making and breaking of affectional bonds. I. Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory. An expanded version of the Fiftieth Maudsley Lecture, delivered before the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 19 November 1976","volume":"130","author":"J Bowlby","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref047","volume-title":"Attachment and loss","author":"J Bowlby","year":"1980"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref048","first-page":"205","volume-title":"A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development","author":"J Bowlby","year":"1988"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref049","volume-title":"By John Bowlby","author":"DR Davis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339713.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2016.1141439","article-title":"Gender Matters: An Introduction to the Special Issues on Women and Girls","volume":"15","author":"V de Vogel","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Forensic Mental Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339713.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12009","article-title":"Assessment of perception of morphed facial expressions using the Emotion Recognition Task: normative data from healthy participants aged 8-75","volume":"8","author":"RPC Kessels","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0339713.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.875889","article-title":"Sex differences in the ability to recognise non-verbal displays of emotion: a meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"AE Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref053","article-title":"S3-Leitlinie Schizophrenie [Internet]","author":"W Gaebel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339713.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114560184","article-title":"Facial affect processing deficits in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of antipsychotic treatment effects","volume":"29","author":"AS Gabay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358291","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1358291","article-title":"Impact of psychosocial stress on facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia and controls: an experimental study in a forensic sample","volume":"15","author":"H Hachtel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339713.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799","article-title":"The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale","volume":"10","author":"JE Overall","year":"1962","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339713.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"SR Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339713.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x","article-title":"A Parental Bonding Instrument","volume":"52","author":"G Parker","year":"1979","journal-title":"British Journal of Medical Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref059","article-title":"Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces [Internet]","author":"D Lundqvist","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref060","first-page":"608","volume-title":"An R Companion to Applied Regression","author":"J Fox","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref061","article-title":"emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means [Internet]","author":"RV Lenth","year":"2021"},{"issue":"56","key":"pone.0339713.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02815","article-title":"effectsize: Estimation of Effect Size Indices and Standardized Parameters","volume":"5","author":"M Ben-Shachar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JOSS"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref063","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences [Internet]","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339713.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23023","article-title":"Childhood trauma, parental bonding, and social cognition in patients with schizophrenia and healthy adults","volume":"77","author":"KI Rokita","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339713.ref065","article-title":"Sex differences in facial emotion recognition across varying expression intensity levels from videos","volume":"13","author":"TSH Wingenbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339713.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9450.00193","article-title":"Sex differences in judgement of facial affect: a multivariate analysis of recognition errors","volume":"41","author":"JF Thayer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339713.ref067","first-page":"308","article-title":"Differences in the recognition of sadness, anger, and fear in facial expressions: the role of the observer and model gender","volume":"73","author":"A Kapitanovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arh Hig Rada Toksikol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339713.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000446","article-title":"Sex differences in emotion recognition: Evidence for a small overall female superiority on facial disgust","volume":"19","author":"HL Connolly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339713.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.02.029","article-title":"A signal-detection analysis of sex differences in the perception of emotional faces","volume":"54","author":"GM Grimshaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339713.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.53543\/jeps.vol17iss4pp384-390","article-title":"Sex Differences in Recognition of Face Expressions","volume":"17","author":"A Alotaibi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref071","article-title":"Faking it: Social desirability response bias in self-report research","volume":"25","author":"T Van de Mortel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thea van de Mortel"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0339713.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-020-00581-z","article-title":"Basic Family Relations, Parental Bonding, and Dyadic Adjustment in Families with a Member with Psychosis","volume":"56","author":"M Roca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.10.029","article-title":"Quality of parental bonding is associated with symptom severity and functioning among individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis","volume":"215","author":"OH Peh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0339713.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1987.tb01353.x","article-title":"The Parental Bonding Instrument: factorial structure","volume":"26","author":"SS Kazarian","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339713.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9450.00007","article-title":"Maternal representations of patients with schizophrenia as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument","volume":"38","author":"MI Helgeland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.10.007","article-title":"Emotion recognition, \u201ctheory of mind,\u201d and social behavior in schizophrenia","volume":"133","author":"M Br\u00fcne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0339713.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.01.006","article-title":"Mental state attribution, neurocognitive functioning, and psychopathology: what predicts poor social competence in schizophrenia best?","volume":"92","author":"M Br\u00fcne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0339713.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2014.10.001","article-title":"Social cognition and social judgment in schizophrenia","volume":"1","author":"R Langdon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Res Cogn"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0339713.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-016-0705-6","article-title":"Restricted attention to social cues in schizophrenia patients","volume":"266","author":"A Nikolaides","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0339713.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000869","article-title":"Differential deficits in social versus monetary reinforcement learning in schizophrenia: Associations with facial emotion recognition","volume":"133","author":"JT Merchant","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Clin Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339713","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:24:00Z","timestamp":1770747840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339713"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mu-Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0339713","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]}}}