{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:48:24Z","timestamp":1789519704507,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019134","name":"Universidad Central del Ecuador","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n Senior UCE-2019 (DI-CONV-2019-033)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n Senior UCE-2019 (DI-CONV-2019-033)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019134","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Phaseolus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    (common bean) is nodulated by diverse\n                    <jats:italic>Rhizobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. Although Ecuador is recognized as one of the centers of bean diversification, its native rhizobial diversity and geographic distribution remains poorly characterized. We isolated 46 native\n                    <jats:italic>Rhizobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains from root nodules across four Andean provinces (Imbabura, Pichincha, Chimborazo, and Loja). Partial sequencing of the\n                    <jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene delineated nine strain clusters (R1\u2013R9) within two major phylogenetic groups: (i)\n                    <jats:italic>Rhizobium ecuadorense\/Rhizobium leguminosarum\/Rhizobium etli\/Rhizobium phaseoli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and (ii)\n                    <jats:italic>R. tropici<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of the housekeeping genes\n                    <jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>glnII<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>dnaK<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes from 19 representative isolates showed four phylogenetic clusters (C1\u2013C4). Cluster C1 (\n                    <jats:italic>R. ecuadorense<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013related) predominated in northern Ecuador; C2 formed a distinct Chimborazo cluster; C3 appeared sporadically in Imbabura and Chimborazo; and C4 (\n                    <jats:italic>R. tropici<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013related) was confined to Loja\u2019s Amotape\u2013Huancabamba Zone and displayed unique phenotypes. In greenhouse assays on two local bean varieties, all isolates formed nodules in both varieties; several isolates induced significantly higher nodule counts than the commercial inoculant UMR1899 (\n                    <jats:italic>Rhizobium tropici<\/jats:italic>\n                    IIB CIAT 899\n                    <jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). These results suggest geographic variation among Ecuadorian\n                    <jats:italic>Rhizobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations and identify locally predominant groups for further evaluation as bioinoculants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0339774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T18:51:31Z","timestamp":1767379891000},"page":"e0339774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Updating the description of Rhizobium diversity associated with common bean cultivars in the Ecuadorian Andes: A phylogenetic and functional perspective"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Le\u00f3n\u2013Cadena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3059-0948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Henry D.","family":"Naranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Jim\u00e9nez\u2013Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Avalos\u2013Loayza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Cadena\u2013Villota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9021-4376","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lenin","family":"Ron-Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0339774.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429291180","volume-title":"Nitrogen Cycle Ecology, Biotechnological Applications and Environmental Impacts [Internet]","author":"J Gonzalez-Lopez","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0339774.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnx274","article-title":"State of the art in eukaryotic nitrogenase engineering","volume":"365","author":"S Bur\u00e9n","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0339774.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2018.9","article-title":"The microbial nitrogen-cycling network","volume":"16","author":"MMM Kuypers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0339774.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2022.153765","article-title":"Humboldt review: Are legumes different? 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