{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:35:11Z","timestamp":1767206111530,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Artificial intelligence tools such as ChatGPT are increasingly used by patients and healthcare professionals, yet their reliability in pediatric respiratory conditions remains unclear. This study aims to assess the trustworthiness, comprehensiveness, value, and potential dangers of ChatGPT-4o-generated responses to frequently asked questions about the management and care of cough in children.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n A total of 10 cough-related questions were selected for ChatGPT-4o. The questions and responses generated by ChatGPT-4o are presented to 32 pediatric pulmonologists and 32 pediatricians. An online questionnaire was developed for this study. Participants rated the answers generated by ChatGPT-4o on a scale of 1\u201310 in terms of trustworthiness, comprehensiveness, value, and danger. Higher scores indicate higher levels of trustworthiness, comprehensiveness, value and danger. In addition, a yes\/no question asked participants if there was anything wrong with the answer generated by ChatGPT-4o.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The ChatGPT-4o-generated answers were generally rated by participants as trustworthy (median:6.45, IQR:1.97), valuable (median:6.15, IQR:2.30), comprehensive (median:6.15, IQR:1.83), and not dangerous (median:4.35, IQR:2.65). There was a statistically significant difference in all overall ratings between pulmonologists and pediatricians. Pediatricians rated ChatGPT-4o-generated answers as more trustworthy, valuable, comprehensive, and less dangerous compared to pediatric pulmonologists. For each of the ten questions, at least one participant indicated that there was something wrong with the ChatGPT-4o-generated response. However, for no question did the proportion of \u201cyes\u201d responses exceed 50%, indicating that concerns were not universally shared among participants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Our study highlights both the potential benefits and limitations of ChatGPT-4o in providing medical information about pediatric cough. While AI-generated responses were generally rated as trustworthy and valuable, differences in assessment between pediatricians and pediatric pulmonologists emphasize the need for careful interpretation of AI-derived medical content.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:32:16Z","timestamp":1767205936000},"page":"e0340007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the reliability and risks of ChatGPT-4o in answering pediatric cough questions: A comparative analysis between pediatricians and pediatric pulmonologists"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1378-9250","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hanife Tu\u011f\u00e7e","family":"\u00c7a\u011flar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emine","family":"\u00d6zdemir Ka\u00e7er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sevgi","family":"Pekcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma Nur","family":"Ayman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0340007.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1_suppl.1S","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"129","author":"RS Irwin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"pone.0340007.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1_suppl.260S","article-title":"Guidelines for evaluating chronic cough in pediatrics: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"129","author":"AB Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"pone.0340007.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e1177","article-title":"Childhood cough","volume":"344","author":"M Brodlie","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0340007.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20965","article-title":"Levels of pollutants in indoor air and respiratory health in preschool children: a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"V Fuentes-Leonarte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340007.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2236","article-title":"What is the burden of chronic cough for families?","volume":"134","author":"JM Marchant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"pone.0340007.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-8-47","article-title":"Information from the Internet and the doctor-patient relationship: the patient perspective--a qualitative study","volume":"8","author":"FA Stevenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340007.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3109\/10398560903473645","article-title":"Dr Google, MD: a survey of mental health-related internet use in a private practice sample","volume":"18","author":"J Lam-Po-Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Australas Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0340007.ref008"},{"key":"pone.0340007.ref009","article-title":"GPT-4 Technical Report (version 6).","author":"OpenAI"},{"key":"pone.0340007.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/63887","article-title":"ChatGPT-4 Performance on German Continuing Medical Education-Friend or Foe (Trick or Treat)? Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"14","author":"C Burisch","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"pone.0340007.ref011","article-title":"The Evaluation of ChatGPT-4\u2019s Capacity to Provide Information on Febrile Seizures","author":"E \u00d6zdemir Ka\u00e7er","year":"2025","journal-title":"eajem"},{"key":"pone.0340007.ref012","article-title":"Evaluation of ChatGPTs Performance in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s First Emergency Medicine Sub-Specialization Exam","author":"H Mutlu","year":"2025","journal-title":"eajem"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340007.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.230163","article-title":"ChatGPT and Other Large Language Models Are Double-edged Swords","volume":"307","author":"Y Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340007.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.04.005","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-derived dermatology case reports are indistinguishable from those written by humans: A single-blinded observer study","volume":"89","author":"C Dunn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340007.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkad010","article-title":"Artificial intelligence chatbots will revolutionize how cancer patients access information: ChatGPT represents a paradigm-shift","volume":"7","author":"AM Hopkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340007.ref016","article-title":"Artificial intelligence: opportunities and risks for public health","volume":"1","author":"T Panch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0340007.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v46i06a02","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for public health made possible by advances in natural language processing","volume":"46","author":"O Baclic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0340007.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2023.02.003","article-title":"Revolutionizing radiology with GPT-based models: Current applications, future possibilities and limitations of ChatGPT","volume":"104","author":"A Lecler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340007.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010271","article-title":"Application of Artificial Intelligence-Based Technologies in the Healthcare Industry: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"18","author":"D Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0340007.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11060887","article-title":"ChatGPT Utility in Healthcare Education, Research, and Practice: Systematic Review on the Promising Perspectives and Valid Concerns","volume":"11","author":"M Sallam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0340007.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36483","article-title":"Accuracy and Reliability of Chatbot Responses to Physician Questions","volume":"6","author":"RS Goodman","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340007.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02824-5","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy and quality of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot-generated responses in making patient-specific drug-therapy and healthcare-related decisions","volume":"24","author":"MW Shiferaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0340007.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.1838","article-title":"Comparing Physician and Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Patient Questions Posted to a Public Social Media Forum","volume":"183","author":"JW Ayers","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340007.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacig.2024.100330","article-title":"Evaluating the scientific reliability of ChatGPT as a source of information on asthma","volume":"3","author":"S H\u00f8j","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:32:20Z","timestamp":1767205940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340007"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gauri","family":"Mankekar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}}}