{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:39:58Z","timestamp":1767206398138,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Injection scheduling is increasingly considered as an operational lever for optimizing carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) storage in saline aquifers, yet its long-term impact on trapping efficiency at field scale remains uncertain. This study employs a field-calibrated vertical equilibrium model of the Johansen formation, offshore Norway, to compare four injection strategies: constant, ramped, pulsed, and low steady, under equal total injected mass. Simulations span 1000 years, including both injection and post-injection phases, to evaluate plume migration, bottom hole pressure (BHP) evolution, and partitioning among residual and solubility trapping. Results show that while injection schedule significantly influences short-term injectivity and peak BHP with differences up to 80 bar, its effect on millennial-scale trapping efficiency is negligible. By 1000 years, all scenarios converge to a similar distribution, with 57\u201358% dissolved in brine, 30\u201334% immobilized by residual trapping, and 8\u20139% persisting as a mobile plume, with inter-schedule differences less than 2% of the total injected mass. These findings indicate that, in a laterally open and well-connected aquifer such as Johansen, long-term storage security is governed primarily by reservoir properties and dissolution dynamics rather than by operational schedule. Consequently, injection scheduling should be regarded as a tool for short-term pressure management and infrastructure safety, not as a determinant of ultimate storage performance. This distinction provides practical guidance for designing CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    storage projects and regulatory assessments of long-term containment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:38:36Z","timestamp":1767206316000},"page":"e0340048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of injection scheduling on CO2 migration and trapping efficiency in the Johansen formation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8597-9216","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hai T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0340048.ref001","unstructured":"IPCC. 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