{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:34:07Z","timestamp":1792409647623,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Globally, diarrheal diseases account for 550 million cases of foodborne illnesses annually. In Kenya,\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infections from contaminated food and water pose a serious health concern, especially in settings with poor sanitation and hygiene practices This study examined the genetic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of diarrheagenic\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (DEC) recovered from street foods and water from Mukuru informal settlements, Nairobi. Between September and December 2023, 384 (each 77) samples of street foods (\n                    <jats:italic>Mandazi, githeri, French fries<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), wastewater, and drinking water were collected and\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolation performed through microbiological culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Conventional Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen for six DEC and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) resistance genes. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson\u2019s chi-square test) were used to assess associations between sample types,\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    positivity, pathotypes, and antibiotic resistance.\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    was isolated in 16% (62\/384) of the samples\n                    <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                    with 77.4% (48\/62) of the isolated\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    being DEC. Majority (64.6%, 31\/48) of DEC isolates were recovered from wastewater followed by drinking water (22.9%, 11\/48),\n                    <jats:italic>githeri (<\/jats:italic>\n                    8.3%, 4\/48),\n                    <jats:italic>mandazi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (4.2, 2\/48), and none from\n                    <jats:italic>french fries<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The most common pathotypes were; ETEC 69% (33\/48), STEC 52.1% (25\/48), EIEC 50% (24\/48)), EPEC 10% (5\/48), and EAEC 6% (3\/48) Of the 48 DEC isolates, 30 were hybrid isolates Overall, the\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were highly resistant to tetracycline (77.4%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (71.0%), ampicillin (59.7%) and least resistant to kanamycin (16.1%); chloramphenicol (8.1%) and amoxicillin\u2009+\u2009clavulanic acid (4.8%). A huge proportion (72.6%, 45\/62) of the isolated\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Of the 45 MDR isolates, 60% (27) were from wastewater, 28.9% (13) from drinking water, 4.4% (2) from githeri, 4.4% (2) from mandazi and 2.2% (1) french fries 2.2%. ESBL genes\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    were detected in 12.9% and 3.2% of the\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. isolates. The high prevalence of MDR in the\n                    <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates recovered from environmental compartments and food is a huge public health risk to the population in these settings. The detection of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    indicates fecal contamination underscoring the need to improve water, and sanitation infrastructure in urban slums.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T18:23:36Z","timestamp":1769624616000},"page":"e0340081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular detection and antibiotic resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from street food and water in mukuru slums, Nairobi County"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4510-8253","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sheillah","family":"Mundalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Ntabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Kering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rael","family":"Too","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Kariuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Imoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Silantoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evans","family":"Kiptanui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Kavai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kariuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3209-9503","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Mbae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340081.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention and control of foodborne diseases in middle-east north african countries: Review of national control systems","volume":"17","author":"D Faour-Klingbeil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref002","unstructured":"Centre FM, Centre M. Optimizing human health through. 2023;8(6):419\u201337."},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref003","volume-title":"Genomic evidence for extra-intestinal foodborne disease due to zoonotic bacteria: A public health risk","author":"PL Koudoum","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref004","unstructured":"TheLancet."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0340081.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1080\/02508281.2022.2076191","article-title":"The empowerment of street food vendors: a marginalised community within the hospitality industry","volume":"48","author":"T Abdullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tourism Recreation Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340081.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-03022-2","article-title":"Determinants of diarrheal diseases among under five children in Jimma Geneti District, Oromia region, Ethiopia, 2020: a case-control study","volume":"21","author":"D Mosisa","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0340081.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/jamb\/2019\/v17i330142","article-title":"Prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Childhood Diarrhoea in Mukuru Slums, Nairobi- Kenya","volume":"17","author":"SK Samuel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adv Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.34.170.17403","article-title":"Diarrheal correlates associated with enteric bacterial infections among children below five years in Murang\u2019a County, Kenya","volume":"34","author":"OW Mbuthia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340081.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040475","article-title":"Hybrid Atypical Enteropathogenic and Extraintestinal Escherichia coli (aEPEC\/ExPEC) BA1250 Strain: A draft genome","volume":"10","author":"DD Munhoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0340081.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11081093","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula Milk","volume":"11","author":"B Pakbin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340081.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1509-4","article-title":"Bacteriological profile, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates among street vended foods and hygienic practice of vendors in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study","volume":"19","author":"A Amare","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340081.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa001","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: turning evolutionary principles into clinical reality","volume":"44","author":"DI Andersson","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref013","volume-title":"WHO bacterial priority pathogens list, 2024","author":"OMS","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340081.ref014","first-page":"405","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance","volume":"95","author":"M Vanderwall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"issue":"10325","key":"pone.0340081.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340081.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020328","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in biofilms","volume":"12","author":"C Michaelis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167847","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1167847","article-title":"Livestock producers\u2019 knowledge, attitude, and behavior (KAB) regarding antimicrobial use in Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"TB Tufa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340081.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlae061","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from clinical and environmental samples: findings and implications","volume":"6","author":"M Kasanga","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiiru S, Maina J, Mwaniki JN, Songoro E, Kariuki S. Enteric bacterial agents associated with diarrhea and their antimicrobial sensitivity profiles in children under 5 years from mukuru informal settlement, Nairobi. 2024:1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09114-5"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref020","volume-title":"Mukuru | Nairobi, Kenya 2017 Situational Analysis: Mukuru Kwa Njenga, Kwa Reuben & Viwandani","author":"J Corburn","year":"2017"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0340081.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221193","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of fecal contamination in multiple environmental sample types in urban communities in Dhaka, Bangladesh using SaniPath microbial approach","volume":"14","author":"N Amin","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340081.ref022","first-page":"117","article-title":"Heat treatment of bacteria: A simple method of DNA extraction for molecular techniques","volume":"41","author":"AA Dashti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kuwait Med J"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref023","first-page":"1","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction: Basic protocol plus troubleshooting and optimization strategies","volume":"63","author":"TC Lorenz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0340081.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.5.1375-1377.1995","article-title":"Identification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli by PCR-based detection of the bundle-forming pilus gene","volume":"33","author":"ST Gunzburg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref025","unstructured":"Ihorimbere T, Kariuki S. Molecular characteristics of archived isolates of Escherichia coli from the gut of healthy food animals and environmental sources in selected counties in Kenya. 2018;8(20):51\u201360."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340081.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01878-5","article-title":"Novel multiplex real-time PCR assays reveal a high prevalence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes in healthy and diarrhoeal children in the south of Vietnam","volume":"20","author":"VT Duong","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref027","volume-title":"Regulatory compliance CLIA and CLSI standards clarification","author":"R Compliance","year":"2024"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0340081.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12203774","article-title":"The socioeconomic factors of street food vending in developing countries and its implications for public health: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"A Salamandane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0340081.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0521","article-title":"Escherichia coli Contamination across Multiple Environmental Compartments (Soil, Hands, Drinking Water, and Handwashing Water) in Urban Harare: Correlations and Risk Factors","volume":"98","author":"T Navab-Daneshmand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340081.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0240","article-title":"Escherichia coli contamination of water for human consumption and its associated factors in peru: a cross-sectional study","volume":"108","author":"A Hern\u00e1ndez-V\u00e1squez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0340081.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.26656\/fr.2017.8(6).528","article-title":"Quality enhancement of potato chips through acrylamide mitigation and comparison with local potato chips in Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"M Nahid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2675894","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices on food safety among food handlers working in public food service establishments in lemi kura subcity, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"2024","author":"Y Fekadu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340081.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v26i2.10","article-title":"Microbiological safety of street vended foods in Jigjiga City, Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"26","author":"TW Bereda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0340081.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8213","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110808213","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiogram profiling of Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from the Kat River and the Fort Beaufort abstraction water","volume":"11","author":"N Nontongana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0340081.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061237","article-title":"Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance pattern of escherichia coli recovered from wastewater treatment plants in Eastern Cape South Africa","volume":"15","author":"A Igwaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0340081.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102163","article-title":"Occurrence of hybrid diarrhoeagenic escherichia coli associated with multidrug resistance in environmental water, Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"9","author":"JY Bolukaoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340081.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040698","article-title":"The incidence and risk factors for enterotoxigenic E. coli diarrheal disease in children under three years old in Lusaka, Zambia","volume":"12","author":"N Sukwa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carolina A, Santos DM, Santos FF, Silva RM. Diversity of hybrid- and hetero-pathogenic Escherichia coli and their potential implication in more severe diseases. 2020;10(July):1\u201311.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00339"},{"issue":"50","key":"pone.0340081.ref039","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Outbreak of escherichia coli o104:h4 infections associated with sprout consumption - Europe and North America, May-July 2011","volume":"62","author":"(CDC) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100081","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: Impacts, challenges, and future prospects","volume":"2","author":"SK Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref041","author":"SN Mukami","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref042","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant microbial populations in urban receiving waters and wastewaters from Tanzania","volume":"5","author":"A Shabani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340081.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.02.020","article-title":"Prevention of antimicrobial resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: What has worked? What still needs to be done?","volume":"16","author":"P Moyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref044","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Pattern of antimicrobial usage in livestock animals in south-western Nigeria: the need for alternative plans","author":"V Vuuren","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massele A, Rogers AM, Gabriel D, Mayanda A, Magoma S, Cook A. A narrative review of recent antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care in Tanzania: findings and implications. 2023:1\u201339.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59122195"},{"key":"pone.0340081.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhary MK, Jadhav I, Banjara MR. Molecular detection of plasmid mediated bla TEM, bla CTX \u2212 M, and bla SHV genes in Extended Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli from clinical samples. 2023;:1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-023-00584-0"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340081","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T18:23:52Z","timestamp":1769624632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340081"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Debdutta","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340081","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]}}}