{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:52:26Z","timestamp":1767207146389,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the independent association and quantify the magnitude of influence of clinical and social determinants on the ten-year cardiovascular disease risk (estimated using the Framingham scale) in individuals diagnosed with arterial hypertension or type 2 diabetes mellitus in Maicao, La Guajira.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 273 adults enrolled in noncommunicable disease programs. Anthropometric, biochemical, and sociodemographic data were collected using standardized instruments. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify and quantify factors associated with high cardiovascular disease risk (defined as 10% or greater Framingham score).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of high ten-year cardiovascular disease risk was 16.9%, being significantly higher in women (23.5%) compared to men (3.3%). The multivariable analysis quantified the influence of the determinants. Key clinical factors associated with the highest magnitude of risk were Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 21.87) and High Blood Pressure (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 16.04). The independent effect of a social determinant, receiving a monthly salary, was also strongly associated with high risk (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 4.62). Conversely, being male and having normal High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol levels were identified as protective factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study quantifies that, in addition to the strong influence of traditional clinical factors (T2DM and HBP), social determinants such as income-related work status exert a significant and independent effect on cardiovascular risk in this vulnerable population. The findings underscore the critical need for integrated public health strategies in Maicao, La Guajira, that not only target metabolic control but also effectively address structural social and gender inequalities to achieve a meaningful reduction in the cardiovascular disease burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:43:55Z","timestamp":1767206635000},"page":"e0340101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and social determinants of cardiovascular risk in a population with chronic noncommunicable diseases in Maicao, La Guajira, Colombia: 2024"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8783-0666","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paula Tatiana","family":"Angarita-Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Panche-Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Zein","family":"Rizo-Tello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Yibby","family":"Forero-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Porras-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0340101.ref001","first-page":"2982","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"GA Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"45","key":"pone.0340101.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4752","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad583","article-title":"Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the European Union: a population-based cost study","volume":"44","author":"R Luengo-Fernandez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340101.ref003","article-title":"Forecasting the Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke in the United States Through 2050: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association","volume":"150","author":"DS Kazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0340101.ref004","first-page":"733","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Prevention: A Perspective From Developing Countries","volume":"37","author":"KK Teo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0340101.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065717","article-title":"Cardiovascular Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","volume":"149","author":"AO Mocumbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pone.0340101.ref006","author":"Estad\u00edstica DAN","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0340101.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rccar.2018.05.010","article-title":"Estimaci\u00f3n de los costos directos de los eventos coronarios en Colombia","volume":"25","author":"M Romero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista Colombiana de Cardiolog\u00eda"},{"issue":"106","key":"pone.0340101.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32468\/espe106","article-title":"Aspectos financieros y fiscales del sistema de salud en Colombia","author":"LA Melo-Becerra","year":"2023","journal-title":"ESPE"},{"key":"pone.0340101.ref009","author":"Corte Cosntitucional de Colombia","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0340101.ref010","article-title":"Crisis humanitaria en la Guajira","author":"E Londo\u00f1o-Ortega","year":"2023","journal-title":"Planeaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo"},{"key":"pone.0340101.ref011","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis de situaci\u00f3n de salud participativo","author":"GdL Guajira","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0340101.ref012","article-title":"Reportes caracterizaci\u00f3n SISPRO","author":"Colombia M de S y, PS de"},{"key":"pone.0340101.ref013","unstructured":"Social M de S y P. 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