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Due to the poor prognosis of these diseases and the limited therapeutic modalities, the need for an HTLV-1 vaccine is crucial. The current study has used an artificial intelligence-driven reverse vaccinology approach to design an mRNA vaccine against HTLV-1. The two most antigenic proteins of the virus were selected and analyzed using multiple immunoinformatics tools to identify the antigenic immunodominant epitopes for T- and B-cells. Subsequently, the final selected epitopes and the adjuvant were connected using proper linkers. Subsequently, multiple 3D structures were modeled for the vaccine. After refining and evaluating the modeled structures, the best model was selected as the final candidate vaccine structure. The proposed mRNA structure is a potential vaccine with suitable immunological and physicochemical properties against HTLV-1. Docking and simulation analyses showed a proper interaction between the vaccine and the corresponding receptor of the employed adjuvant. However, additional experimental studies are required to further confirm the vaccine\u2019s efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:31:15Z","timestamp":1778088675000},"page":"e0340201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and in silico evaluation of an mRNA vaccine against HTLV-1 using AI-driven reverse vaccinology approaches"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1333-6738","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nadia","family":"Seifi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Nezafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Soroosh","family":"Hajizade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4265-1499","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manica","family":"Negahdaripour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4572","key":"pone.0340201.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6981847","article-title":"A new subtype of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-II) associated with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia","volume":"218","author":"VS Kalyanaraman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0340201.ref002","article-title":"Human T cell lymphotropic virus","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"ES Bryan","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0340201.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073779","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1073779","article-title":"Advances in preventive vaccine development against HTLV-1 infection: A systematic review of the last 35 years","volume":"14","author":"CS Santana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0340201.ref004","unstructured":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (World Health Organisation [WHO]). 2023 [cited 8 Jun 2024]. 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