{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T22:03:25Z","timestamp":1769205805440,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Basic Research Key Projects of Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Provincial","award":["202501AS070162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202501AS070162"]}]},{"name":"Joint Special Focus Program for Local Colleges and Universities in Yunnan Province","award":["202401BA070001-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202401BA070001-007"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Expert Workstation","award":["202405 AF140044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202405 AF140044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Recurrent oral ulcers (ROUs) of oral mucosa disease are difficult to cure and relapse easily.\n                      <jats:italic>Periplaneta americana<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract (PAD), a raw material used in Kangfuxin Liquid and Yunnan Baiyao toothpaste, contains a variety of growth factors such as polypeptides and sticky sugar amino acids that promote tissue repair; this can encourage the growth of granulation tissue and reduce inflammation on wound surfaces.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we used a rat model of ROU induced by an antigen emulsifier to assess the ameliorative effects of PAD on rat ROUs and to explore its mechanism of action.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effect of PAD in rats was evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and Western Blot (WB). 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to detect the changes in intestinal flora and its metabolite short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the feces of rats, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PAD significantly reduced the infiltration of local inflammatory cells and significantly downregulated interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-\u03b1), while upregulating IL-2, IL-10, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In addition, PAD altered the diversity and abundance of the gut microbiota and increased fecal short-chain fatty acid levels. Notably, PAD can improve the pathological injury of the colon, enhance the intestinal barrier of the colon, and reduce the apoptosis of colon cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The oral administration of PAD may effectively treat ROUs via regulating metabolites and altering the composition of the intestinal microbiota, thereby improving the intestinal barrier function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:28:27Z","timestamp":1769192907000},"page":"e0340453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Periplaneta americana extract ameliorates recurrent oral ulcers in rats by enhancing the intestinal epithelial barrier and regulating gut microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kailing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanhua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongze","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongshou","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengchun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7219-6813","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peiyun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0340453.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26740","article-title":"Association 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