{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T08:46:21Z","timestamp":1770281181302,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) face a heightened risk of experiencing severe complications from COVID-19, underscoring the importance of vaccination. Nonetheless, the impact of COVID-19 vaccines\u2014especially the Johnson &amp; Johnson (Ad26.COV2.S) vaccine\u2014on glucose regulation has not been fully elucidated. This study evaluates the impact of vaccination on glycemic parameters, including Random Blood Sugar (RBS) and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and identifies factors influencing glycemic variability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between May 2023 and June 2024, a prospective cohort study was carried out at Adama Hospital Medical College in Ethiopia. Adults diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were divided into two cohorts based on vaccination status: those who received the vaccine and those who did not. Glycemic parameters were recorded at baseline and subsequently at three-month intervals\u2014specifically at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months following vaccination. To evaluate trends over time and identify influencing factors, including demographic and clinical variables, longitudinal data were analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccinated individuals exhibited transient elevations in RBS, peaking at three months post-vaccination before stabilizing. In contrast, HbA1c levels demonstrated a gradual increase over time. Greater glycemic variability was observed in younger individuals and females. The primary determinants of variations in glycemic levels were vaccination status, duration following immunization, and demographic characteristics. In contrast, diabetes treatments and lifestyle-related factors showed only a limited influence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Johnson &amp; Johnson COVID-19 vaccine was associated with short-term RBS fluctuations and a sustained increase in HbA1c levels in T2DM patients. These findings highlight the need for personalized glycemic monitoring post-vaccination. Despite these metabolic variations, the vaccine\u2019s protective role against severe COVID-19 outweighs transient glycemic disturbances. Incorporating vaccination efforts into comprehensive diabetes management is crucial, and additional studies are warranted to investigate the underlying biological mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T18:26:14Z","timestamp":1770229574000},"page":"e0340457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A prospective evaluation of Johnson &amp; Johnson COVID-19 vaccine on glycemic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1414-2742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chala Kenenisa","family":"Edae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdisa Tufa","family":"Bedada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Degef","family":"Teklemariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mesfin Bekele","family":"Tolesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solomon Genet","family":"Gebre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0340457.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115734","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus: Classification, mediators, and complications; A gate to identify potential targets for the development of new effective treatments","volume":"168","author":"SA Antar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"pone.0340457.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alrasheedi AAJEP. 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