{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:57:19Z","timestamp":1790974639444,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thai Nguyen University of Sciences","award":["CS2024-TN06-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CS2024-TN06-014"]}]},{"name":"Thai Nguyen University","award":["DH2024-NV-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DH2024-NV-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Medicinal plants serve as valuable sources for anticancer drug discovery. This study investigated the anticancer potential of the\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -butanol fraction from Ardisia villosa extract against breast and gastric cancer cell lines. Phytochemical profiling using UPLC-QToF-MS in both positive and negative ESI modes identified 118 putative compounds, including flavonoids, lignans, alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, coumarins, and phenolic acids. The\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -butanol fraction exhibited dose-dependent antiproliferative effects, with IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of 60.2 \u00b5g\/mL (MCF-7), 85.2 \u00b5g\/mL (MKN45), and 51.7 \u00b5g\/mL (AGS). In AGS gastric cancer cells, the extract significantly inhibited 3D tumorsphere formation and suppressed cell migration at concentrations as low as 50 \u00b5g\/mL (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Additionally,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -butanol fraction extract markedly induced cellular senescence (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Mechanistic investigations revealed that the extract induced G\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/G1 phase arrest by downregulating critical cell cycle regulators, including CCND1, CCNE1, CDK2, CDK3, CDK6, CDK8, and CDK9, while upregulating tumor suppressor and senescence-related genes such as p21, p53, p16, and p27 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Molecular docking analyses further supported these findings by demonstrating strong binding affinities of phytochemicals to key cell cycle regulatory proteins, suggesting a direct molecular basis for their antiproliferative effects. In conclusion, the\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -butanol fraction of\n                    <jats:italic>Ardisia villosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    displays potent anticancer activity, particularly in gastric cancer cells, through multi-targeted mechanisms involving cell cycle inhibition and senescence induction, and holds promise as a natural source for future anticancer therapeutics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T18:32:12Z","timestamp":1767897132000},"page":"e0340458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phytochemical profiling and anticancer activity of the n-butanol fraction from Ardisia villosa extract: Inhibition of gastric cancer cell proliferation via cell cycle arrest and senescence induction"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Nguyet Mai","family":"Hua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Khang","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Thanh Huong","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Son Hiep","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viet","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thu Huong","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinh Quang Hung","family":"Can","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Hung","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3130-6405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Phu Hung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340458.ref001","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0340458.ref002","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0340458.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320234","article-title":"Is gastric cancer becoming a rare disease? 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