{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:48:05Z","timestamp":1792122485359,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82301789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82301789"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Program of Excellent Doctoral (Postdoctoral) of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","award":["ZNYB2021020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZNYB2021020"]}]},{"name":"Youth Interdisciplinary Special Fund of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","award":["ZNQNJC2023007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZNQNJC2023007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) impacts communication, cognitive function, and mental health, with regional prevalence variation. We analyzed global spatial and temporal trends in ARHL burden from 1990 to 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on ARHL prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) among individuals aged 60 and older were analyzed. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) in the age-standardized prevalence (ASPR) and YLD rates (ASYR) were analyzed by country, gender and socio-demographic index (SDI). Age-period-cohort, decomposition analyses, and frontier analysis identified influencing factors and quantify inequalities. Future trends were predicted using Bayesian model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 1990 to 2021, global ARHL prevalence cases increased by 137.43% (302.79 million to 718.93 million), with a 4.34% rise in ASPR. YLDs grew by 144.3% (10.76 million to 26.30 million), and ASYR rose by 4.45%. Males exhibited higher ASPR and ASYR despite more cases among females. High-middle and middle SDI regions showing higher and steadily increasing ASPR and ASYR, while high SDI regions exhibited the lowest and most stable rates. Population growth was the primary driver of the increasing burden. Projections indicate continued growth in ARHL cases by 2050.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ARHL burden among older adults has increased significantly, with marked regional and socio-demographic disparities. Lower SDI regions bear disproportionately higher burdens. Effective strategies, including public education, hearing protection, early screening, and research into treatments, are urgently needed to address this public health challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:35:38Z","timestamp":1768588538000},"page":"e0340498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The global burden of age-related hearing loss among individuals aged 60 years and older: An analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021 and predictions to 2050"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiqin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9389-4485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10278","key":"pone.0340498.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00516-X","article-title":"Hearing loss prevalence and years lived with disability, 1990-2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"397","author":"GBD 2019 Hearing Loss Collaborators","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0340498.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.0674","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life Changes Associated With Hearing Loss","volume":"146","author":"PR Dixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0340498.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17647","article-title":"Hearing Loss in Children: A Review","volume":"324","author":"JEC Lieu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0340498.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.07.005","article-title":"The Effects of Age-Related Hearing Loss on the Brain and Cognitive Function","volume":"43","author":"K Slade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340498.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1177\/089826430201400107","article-title":"The association of hearing impairment and chronic diseases with psychosocial health status in older age","volume":"14","author":"SE Kramer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340498.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2014.42","article-title":"Hearing impairment associated with depression in US adults, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010","volume":"140","author":"C-M Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"10404","key":"pone.0340498.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01406-X","article-title":"Hearing intervention versus health education control to reduce cognitive decline in older adults with hearing loss in the USA (ACHIEVE): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"402","author":"FR Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0340498.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.14.1522","article-title":"Prevalence of hearing loss and differences by demographic characteristics among US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004","volume":"168","author":"Y Agrawal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0340498.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26150","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related hearing loss, including sex differences, in older adults in a large cohort study","volume":"127","author":"NC Homans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0340498.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-011-1597-8","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related hearing loss in Europe: a review","volume":"268","author":"TN Roth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0340498.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-08109-3","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of hearing loss among the middle-aged and older population in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"280","author":"P Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0340498.ref012","article-title":"Age-related hearing loss in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"15","author":"S Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0340498.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105847","article-title":"Global trends and burden of age-related hearing loss: 32-year study","volume":"134","author":"L Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"10440","key":"pone.0340498.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10440","key":"pone.0340498.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00769-4","article-title":"Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340498.ref016","first-page":"31","article-title":"Partitioning linear trends in age-adjusted rates","volume":"11","author":"BF Hankey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340498.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01619-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national time trends in incidence for migraine, from 1990 to 2019: an age-period-cohort analysis for the GBD 2019","volume":"24","author":"L Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0340498.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0300","article-title":"A web tool for age-period-cohort analysis of cancer incidence and mortality rates","volume":"23","author":"PS Rosenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"pone.0340498.ref019","first-page":"171","article-title":"Standardization and decomposition of rates from cross-classified data","volume":"50","author":"P Das Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genus"},{"key":"pone.0340498.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.04.011","article-title":"Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study highlights the global, regional, and national trends of chronic kidney disease epidemiology from 1990 to 2016","volume":"94","author":"Y Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"pone.0340498.ref021","volume-title":"Handbook on health inequality monitoring: with a special focus on low- and middle-income countries","author":"Organization WH","year":"2013"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0340498.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30360-2","article-title":"Rheumatic heart disease burden, trends, and inequalities in the Americas, 1990-2017: a population-based study","volume":"7","author":"P Ordunez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340498.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01133-5","article-title":"An R package for an integrated evaluation of statistical approaches to cancer incidence projection","volume":"20","author":"M Knoll","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"10258","key":"pone.0340498.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30677-2","article-title":"Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"396","author":"SE Vollset","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0340498.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599819868145","article-title":"Association of Midlife Hypertension with Late-Life Hearing Loss","volume":"161","author":"NS Reed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"pone.0340498.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2005.09.002","article-title":"Characterization of hearing loss in aged type II diabetics","volume":"211","author":"ST Frisina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0340498.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2008.12.002","article-title":"Cochlear dysfunction in hyperuricemia: otoacoustic emission analysis","volume":"31","author":"SA Hamed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0340498.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)30556-5","article-title":"Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for auditory problems","volume":"75","author":"CP Paschoal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340498.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.7162\/S1809-97772013000200010","article-title":"Hearing loss in the elderly: History of occupational noise exposure","volume":"17","author":"CL Meneses-Barriviera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"pone.0340498.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.09.009","article-title":"The menopause triggers hearing decline in healthy women","volume":"259","author":"C Hederstierna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340498.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr176","article-title":"Global and regional hearing impairment prevalence: an analysis of 42 studies in 29 countries","volume":"23","author":"G Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0340498.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020802538081","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of selected interventions for hearing impairment in Africa and Asia: a mathematical modelling approach","volume":"48","author":"R Baltussen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0340498.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2020.1721577","article-title":"Global and regional needs, unmet needs and access to hearing aids","volume":"59","author":"A Orji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0340498.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000823","article-title":"GDP Matters: Cost Effectiveness of Cochlear Implantation and Deaf Education in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"36","author":"SD Emmett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"42","key":"pone.0340498.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta11420","article-title":"Acceptability, benefit and costs of early screening for hearing disability: a study of potential screening tests and models","volume":"11","author":"A Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0340498.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303299","article-title":"Prevalence of Hearing Loss by Severity in the United States","volume":"106","author":"AM Goman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340498.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47901-2","article-title":"The Influence of Occupational Noise Exposure on Cardiovascular and Hearing Conditions among Industrial Workers","volume":"9","author":"X Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340498","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:35:44Z","timestamp":1768588544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340498"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Paul H","family":"Delano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340498","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]}}}