{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:06:48Z","timestamp":1790186808168,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017642","name":"Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEX2019-000940-M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000940-M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017642","name":"Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-109758GB-I00 \/ AEI \/ 10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-109758GB-I00 \/ AEI \/ 10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In this article, we assess the impact of two Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) initiatives aimed at deterring deforestation in the department of Guaviare, Colombia. The initiatives are the government-led\n                    <jats:italic>Incentivo Forestal Amaz\u00f3nico<\/jats:italic>\n                    (IFA), which is part of the country\u2019s REDD+ strategy, and the NGO-driven\n                    <jats:italic>Caminemos\u2013Territorios Sostenibles<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CTS) project, which supported sustainable land-use activities over a four-year period. We find that, combined, these initiatives prevented approximately 1,400 hectares of forest loss, though they differed in their annualized impacts (2.9%\n                    <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    3.8%). We argue that this difference likely reflects variations in the type of incentives provided, their geographic focus, and their overarching goals. IFA focuses on larger, less threatened forest patches across a broader area, providing cash payments to landowners whilst laying the foundations for a long-term conservation and management approach. CTS, in contrast, targeted smaller patches at higher risk of deforestation along Guaviare\u2019s agricultural frontier, offering targeted technical assistance and payments for a series of conservation and restoration commitments at farm level, including the adoption of silvopastoral practices. Considering these findings, we argue that distinct PES designs can play a complementary role in halting deforestation in the Colombian Amazon, and potentially in similar regions across tropical America. We call for more sustained and scaled-up efforts in sustainable land use and forest conservation for smallholders, while recognizing that such initiatives will remain insufficient unless scaling is accompanied by substantially stronger territorial state presence and governance in areas contested by armed groups, as well as comprehensive land-use policy reform.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:34:59Z","timestamp":1790184899000},"page":"e0340539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incentives are effective but insufficient to halt smallholder deforestation in the Colombian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hugo","family":"Charoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"G-EAU, University of Montpellier, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD","place":["Montpellier, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7970-4411","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Esteve","family":"Corbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats (ICREA)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, UAB","place":["Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"]},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, UAB","place":["Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"],"department":["Department of Geography"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Moros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de los Andes","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"],"department":["Facultad de 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