{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T02:36:27Z","timestamp":1768358187681,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R380-2021-1433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R380-2021-1433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005860","name":"Helsefonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-B-0196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-B-0196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005860","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016380","name":"Bispebjerg Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016380","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The extant literature on type 2 diabetes and cognitive decline is based on short cognitive follow-ups and assessments of baseline cognitive ability after diagnosis. The objective was to investigate the influence of type 2 diabetes on cognitive decline over a period of on average 44 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cohort study included 5,147 men from the Danish Aging and Cognition cohort consisting of a late mid-life (mean age 64.2 years) follow-up of men with intelligence test scores (IQ) available from statutory conscription board examinations in young adulthood (mean age 20.4 years). Follow-up included re-administration of the conscription board intelligence test and a comprehensive questionnaire. Exposure was self-reported but register-based type 2 diabetes and duration of disease were also calculated. Cognitive decline was defined as both IQ change (baseline-follow-up) and significant IQ decline based on the reliable change index (cut-off: 13.2 IQ-points). Associations were analyzed in linear and logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Men having type 2 diabetes had a 1.81 IQ points (95%CI:1.14,2.49) larger decline compared to men without diabetes when adjusting for baseline IQ, years of education, follow-up age, retest interval, depression, and smoking status. Moreover, type 2 diabetes was associated with 1.42 times higher odds of a significant IQ decline and longer duration was associated with a larger, though not statistically significant, decline. The participation rate was 13.4%, and the participants were healthier and more well-educated than non-participants. To account for potential selection bias, inverse probability weights (IPW) were calculated based on baseline characteristics. The analyses applying these weights yielded similar estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes was associated with modestly greater cognitive decline and higher odds of a statistically significant (&gt;13.2 IQ points) and clinically relevant decline. Finally, the alignment between main and IPW results indicates the findings are robust and likely generalizable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T18:22:44Z","timestamp":1768328564000},"page":"e0340622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Type 2 diabetes and age-related cognitive decline over 40 years in Danish men\u2013A cohort study based on the Danish Aging and Cognition (DanACo) cohort"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9729-708X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gunhild 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