{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:20:10Z","timestamp":1783570810054,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R389-2021-1596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R389-2021-1596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF14CC0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF14CC0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Danish Huntington\u00b4s Disease Association"},{"name":"Absalon foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood-brain barrier (BBB) involvement in the pathogenesis of Huntington\u00b4s disease (HD) is not well understood. We previously demonstrated increased prevalence of T Helper 17.1 (Th17.1) cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HD gene-expansion carriers (HDGECs), which might indicate a dysfunction in the BBB or the blood-CSF barrier (BCB) in HD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this exploratory study is to investigate whether the CSF\/plasma albumin quotient (Q-Alb) and CSF platelet-derived growth factor-\u03b2 (PDGFR-\u03b2) can be used as biomarkers for BBB\/BCB integrity in HD and if there is an association between Q-Alb and the prevalence of intrathecal Th17.1 cells in HDGECs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 145 HDGECs and controls were included in the Q-Alb analysis. Forty-four of these individuals underwent a second lumbar puncture after five years and were included in the analysis of changes in Q-Alb over time. CSF from 33 HDGECs and controls was analysed for Th17.1 cells and CSF from 100 HDGECs and controls was analysed for PDGFR-\u03b2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant difference for Q-Alb was found between the pre-motor manifest HDGECs, motor manifest HDGECs, and controls (p\u2009=\u20090.49). We found a significant increase in Q-Alb in HDGECs over the 5-year period (p\u2009=\u20090.014), but when compared with controls, no significant difference was found (p\u2009=\u20090.32). No significant association was found between Q-Alb and the prevalence of Th17.1 cells (p\u2009=\u20090.97) nor Q-Alb and PDGFR-\u03b2 (p\u2009=\u20090.89) in HDGECs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found no evidence of increased BBB\/BCB leakage of albumin in HDGECs compared to controls. Neither did we find signs of pericyte involvement as measured by PDGFR-\u03b2 in HDGECs. These results suggest that overt BBB\/BCB disruption may be limited in HDGECs. Future longitudinal studies should employ more sensitive methods like dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate region specific microleaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T18:25:54Z","timestamp":1768242354000},"page":"e0340683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Blood-brain barrier integrity and prevalence of intrathecal T helper 17.1 cells in Huntington\u00b4s disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4481-1203","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Birna","family":"\u00c1sbj\u00f6rnsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian Sand\u00f8e","family":"Musaeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9026-1073","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marie N. 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