{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T19:21:03Z","timestamp":1772738463392,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the study was to examine the direct and indirect associations between fathers\u2019 childhood abuse experiences and their levels of self-esteem, social anxiety, attitudes towards sexual education and sexual communication language levels with their children. The sample of the study consisted of 587 fathers. Data were collected through \u2018Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form\u2019, \u2018Social Anxiety Scale Short Form\u2019, \u2018Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale\u2019, \u2018Attitude Towards Sexual Education Scale\u2019, \u2018Sexual Communication Scale for Parents\u2019 and \u2018Demographic Information Form\u2019. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients and path analysis conducted in SPSS 24 and R. The findings showed that childhood abuse experiences were positively correlated with social anxiety and negatively correlated with self-esteem and father\u2019s sexual communication language with his child. As a result of the path analysis, it was found that childhood abuse experiences were positively associated with social anxiety and negatively associated with self-esteem and sexual communication language. Self-esteem was negatively associated with social anxiety and positively associated with sexual communication language; social anxiety was negatively associated with attitudes towards sexual education and sexual communication language; and attitudes towards sexual education were positively associated with sexual communication language. Childhood abuse experiences were also indirectly associated with social anxiety, attitudes towards sexual education, and sexual communication language through self-esteem and social anxiety. Overall, the findings were discussed within the framework of father-child sexual communication language and fathers\u2019 involvement in the sexual education process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T18:40:35Z","timestamp":1772736035000},"page":"e0340776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of childhood traumas on father-child sexual communication language: Self-esteem, social anxiety and sexual education"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4283-4842","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"G\u00fcng\u00f6r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ismihan Zeliha","family":"Artan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0340776.ref001","volume-title":"International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach","author":"UNESCO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, UN Women, World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1300\/J129v05n03_02","article-title":"Parent-Child Communication About Sexuality","volume":"5","author":"C Diiorio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of HIV\/AIDS Prevention & Education for Adolescents & Children"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/14681811.2012.737776","article-title":"\u2018Where do babies come from?\u2019 Barriers to early sexuality communication between parents and young children","volume":"13","author":"N Stone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Education"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref004","first-page":"833","article-title":"Uyum zorluklar\u0131n\u0131 yordamada yaln\u0131zl\u0131k, sosyal destek ve sosyal ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin analizi","volume":"8","author":"E Duru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-84273-4_12","article-title":"Sexuality development in childhood","volume-title":"Gender and sexuality development: Contemporary theory and research","author":"G Li","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0340776.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/14681811.2014.996213","article-title":"Parental confidence and preferences for communicating with their child about sexuality","volume":"15","author":"A Morawska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340776.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243218770364","article-title":"\u201cManning Up\u201d to be a Good Father: Hybrid Fatherhood, Masculinity, and U.S. Responsible Fatherhood Policy","volume":"32","author":"J Randles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gender & Society"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94598-9_1","article-title":"The Importance of Parenting in Influencing the Lives of Children","author":"MR Sanders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Parenting and Child Development Across the Lifespan. Springer International Publishing"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340776.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12054","article-title":"The Ecology of Father\u2010Child Relationships: An Expanded Model","volume":"6","author":"NJ Cabrera","year":"2014","journal-title":"J of Family Theo & Revie"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref010","article-title":"Fathers Don\u2019t Mother and Mothers Don\u2019t Father: What Social Science Research Indicates about the Distinctive Contributions of Mothers and Fathers to Children\u2019s Development","author":"JJ Erickson","year":"2014","journal-title":"SSRN Journal"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref011","first-page":"128","article-title":"Baba olmak.","volume-title":"Ana\u2011baba okulu","author":"O G\u00fcng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f \u00d6zkarde\u015f","year":"2013","edition":"18"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref012","first-page":"79","article-title":"De\u011fi\u015fen babal\u0131k rol\u00fc ve \u00e7ocuk geli\u015fimine etkisi","volume":"4","author":"Y Kuzucu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Association"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref013","article-title":"\u00c7ocuklar\u0131n cinsel e\u011fitimi: Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze bir bak\u0131\u015f","volume":"33","author":"F \u00c7al\u0131\u015fandemir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0340776.ref014","first-page":"890","article-title":"The Existing Approaches to Sexuality Education Targeting Children: A Review Article","volume":"46","author":"J Ganji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0340776.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12591","article-title":"The silencing effects of the childhood innocence ideal: the perceptions and practices of fathers in educating their children about sexuality","volume":"39","author":"C Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/14681811.2011.609053","article-title":"\u2018There are lots of different kinds of normal\u2019: families and sex education \u2013 styles, approaches and concerns","volume":"12","author":"S Dyson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/14681811.2022.2034612","article-title":"Parental sexual communication self-efficacy with toddlers and young children: an active learning intervention","volume":"23","author":"MM Ferguson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex Education"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108116121.005","article-title":"Not innocent, but vulnerable: An approach to childhood innocence.","volume-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Sexual Development: Childhood and Adolescence","author":"L Jarkovsk\u00e1","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12016","article-title":"Parental influences of sexual risk among urban African American adolescent males","volume":"45","author":"AL Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0340776.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.17152\/gefad.377583","article-title":"3-6 Ya\u015f \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n Cinsel E\u011fitiminin Gereklili\u011fi \u0130le \u0130lgili Ebeveyn G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin \u0130ncelenmesi","volume":"38","author":"S \u0130\u015eLER","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Gazi E\u011fitim Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016931","article-title":"A longitudinal study of conversations with parents about sex and dating during college","volume":"46","author":"EM Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1363\/4205610","article-title":"Parents\u2019 perspectives on talking to preteenage children about sex","volume":"42","author":"EK Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/14681811.2017.1390449","article-title":"Fathers as sexuality educators: aspirations and realities. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis","volume":"18","author":"C Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Education"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref024","article-title":"College aged females\u2019 perceptions of their fathers as sexuality educators","volume":"2","author":"CL Collins","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Ethnogr Qual Res"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref025","first-page":"45","article-title":"6 ya\u015f \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n cinsel geli\u015fim ve e\u011fitimiyle ilgili ebeveyn g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin incelenmesi","volume":"25","author":"A Elik\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sos Polit \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Derg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340776.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X10384222","article-title":"Talking to Daddy\u2019s Little Girl About Sex: Daughters\u2019 Reports of Sexual Communication and Support From Fathers","volume":"32","author":"MK Hutchinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Family Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.32709\/akusosbil.1079384","article-title":"Attitudes of Fathers Who Have Children in Preschool Period Towards Their Children\u2019s Sexual Development","volume":"25","author":"S Uzkul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afyon Kocatepe \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340776.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/15267430903221880","article-title":"Father-Child Sexual Communication in the United States: a review and synthesis","volume":"9","author":"PJ Wright","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Family Communication"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref029","volume-title":"Kayg\u0131","author":"H Kennerly","year":"2021","edition":"7"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764019894618","article-title":"Does child abuse have an impact on self-esteem, depression, anxiety and stress conditions of individuals?","volume":"66","author":"\u00c7 Berber \u00c7elik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340776.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2014.981856","article-title":"Childhood trauma in the lives of substance-dependent patients: The relationship between depression, anxiety and self-esteem","volume":"69","author":"S Ekinci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104082","article-title":"The association between five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"MJ Gardner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref033","article-title":"Ergenlerde duygusal istismar ile benlik alg\u0131s\u0131 ve genel kayg\u0131 d\u00fczeyi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki","author":"F Savi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Uluda\u011f University"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5505\/kpd.2016.02996","article-title":"Risk Taking Behavior: An Evaluation in terms of Childhood Trauma and Self-Esteem","volume":"19","author":"\u0130 Eker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.24289\/ijsser.274033","article-title":"\u00c7ocukluk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 travmas\u0131 ve benlik sayg\u0131s\u0131","volume":"3","author":"E G\u00fcneri Y\u00f6yen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Social Sciences Education Res"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref036","first-page":"438","article-title":"Self-esteem and psychological distress among sexually abused and sexually non-abused adolescents","volume":"6","author":"H Joslyn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1896171","article-title":"The impact of childhood abuse on adult self-esteem and emotional regulation","volume":"53","author":"A Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0340776.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2012.678466","article-title":"Emotion Dysregulation Mediates the Link between Childhood Emotional Maltreatment and Young Adult Romantic Relationship Satisfaction","volume":"21","author":"LL Bradbury","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Aggression Maltreatment Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5961\/jhes.2020.372","article-title":"The effect of childhood traumatization on close relationships of first year university students","volume":"10","author":"M Kurtuncu","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIG"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05586-6","article-title":"Intergenerational effects of child maltreatment on adolescents\u2019 anxiety and depression in Ethiopia: the important mediating and moderating roles of current psychological distress","volume":"24","author":"AM Mihret","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2007.00463.x","article-title":"Parents\u2019 Reports of Sexual Communication With Children in Kindergarten to Grade 8","volume":"70","author":"ES Byers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J of Marriage and Family"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref042","volume-title":"Self-efficacy: The exercise of control","author":"A Bandura","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref043","volume-title":"A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development","author":"J Bowlby","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.3357","article-title":"A prospective examination of whether childhood sexual abuse predicts subsequent sexual offending","volume":"169","author":"CS Widom","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.21020\/husbfd.735860","article-title":"Ebeveynler \u0130\u00e7in Cinsel \u0130leti\u015fim \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fi: G\u00fcvenirlik ve Ge\u00e7erlik \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131","volume":"7","author":"\u0130 Artan","year":"2020","journal-title":"HUSBFD"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2019.01.018","article-title":"Child maltreatment is mediating long-term consequences of household dysfunction in a population representative sample","volume":"58","author":"V Clemens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0340776.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000530","article-title":"Selecting scaling indicators in structural equation models (sems)","volume":"29","author":"KA Bollen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref048","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-013-0137-z","article-title":"Small or big in the eyes of the other: on the developmental psychopathology of self-conscious emotions as shame, guilt, and pride","volume":"17","author":"P Muris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.14527\/9786053185925.08","article-title":"Cinsel geli\u015fim ve e\u011fitim.","volume-title":"Do\u011fum \u00f6ncesinden ergenli\u011fe \u00e7ocuk geli\u015fimi","author":"\u0130. Artan","year":"2016","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.14527\/9786053185925.10","article-title":"Ergenlik d\u00f6nemi: Fiziksel, cinsel ve motor geli\u015fim.","volume-title":"Do\u011fum \u00f6ncesinden ergenli\u011fe \u00e7ocuk geli\u015fimi","author":"P Bayhan","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref052","unstructured":"Israel GD. Determining sample size. 1992."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0340776.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x","article-title":"Required sample size to detect the mediated effect","volume":"18","author":"MS Fritz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","article-title":"Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire","volume":"27","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref055","article-title":"\u00c7ocukluk d\u00f6nemi \u00f6rselenme ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi k\u0131sa formu\u2019nun t\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye uyarlanmas\u0131. [The adaptation of the brief screening version of childhood trauma questionnaire into turkish]","author":"S Kaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mu\u011fla S\u0131tk\u0131 Ko\u00e7man University"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0340776.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2018.06.001","article-title":"Short Form of the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents among community and institutionalized Portuguese youths","volume":"18","author":"C Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Clin Health Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191114540749","article-title":"Social anxiety scale for adolescents: factorial invariance across gender and age in hispanic American adolescents","volume":"22","author":"AM La Greca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref058","first-page":"156","article-title":"Sosyal kayg\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi k\u0131sa formunun t\u00fcrk\u00e7eye uyarlanarak psikometrik \u00f6zelliklerinin incelenmesi","volume":"3","author":"F Can","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Muallim R\u0131fat Faculty of Education"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref059","article-title":"Adolesanlarda benlik sayg\u0131s\u0131","author":"F \u00c7uhadaro\u011flu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hacettepe University"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.33308\/26674874.2020342210","article-title":"Cinsel E\u011fitime Y\u00f6nelik Tutum \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fi: G\u00fcvenilirlik ve Ge\u00e7erlilik \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131","volume":"34","author":"\u015e Ceylan","year":"2020","journal-title":"YED"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2013.38.1.52","article-title":"Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis","volume":"38","author":"H-Y Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Restor Dent Endod"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.5152\/JANHS.2023.22260","article-title":"Processes of Using, Modifying, Adapting and Developing Likert Type Scales","volume":"26","author":"F GOKDEMIR","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Nursology"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref063","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"2013","edition":"6"},{"issue":"112","key":"pone.0340776.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/cd.161","article-title":"Positive sexual communication and socialization in the parent-adolescent context","author":"ES Lefkowitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Dir Child Adolesc Dev"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref065","volume-title":"Lifespan developmental psychology","author":"JW Santrock","year":"2006"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0340776.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.51503\/gpd.1172373","article-title":"Ebeveynleri\u0307n \u00e7ocukluk \u00e7a\u011fi ruhsal travmalarinin \u00e7i\u0307ftler arasindaki\u0307 uyumlarina, i\u0307leti\u0307\u015fi\u0307m kurma beceri\u0307leri\u0307ne, ai\u0307le hayati ve \u00e7ocuk yeti\u0307\u015fti\u0307rme tutumlarina etki\u0307si\u0307","volume":"4","author":"M Saldanli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geli\u015fim ve Psikoloji Dergisi"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref067","first-page":"8088754","article-title":"Relationship between Self-Esteem, Interpersonal Trust, and Social Anxiety of College Students","volume":"2022","author":"X He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Occup Ther Int"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref068","first-page":"31","article-title":"The relationship between conflict communication, self-esteem and life satisfaction in university students","volume":"5","author":"C Arslan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educ Res Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/08824099409359951","article-title":"Variables underlying willingness to communicate: A causal analysis","volume":"11","author":"PD MacIntyre","year":"1994","journal-title":"Communication Research Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0340776.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.23.6.857.54803","article-title":"Self-Disclosure in Intimate Relationships: Associations with Individual and Relationship Characteristics Over Time","volume":"23","author":"S Sprecher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294119900975","article-title":"Social Anxiety and Perceived Social Support: Gender Differences and the Mediating Role of Communication Styles","volume":"124","author":"MD Barnett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.09.010","article-title":"Social anxiety and self-protective communication style in close relationships","volume":"48","author":"S Cuming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3138\/cjhs.251-A3","article-title":"The development of sexuality in childhood in early learning settings: An exploration of early childhood educators\u2019 perceptions","volume":"25","author":"A-S Balter","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.23834\/isrjournal.1387530","article-title":"Examining Mothers\u2019 Communication with Their Adolescent Daughters about Sexual Development and Health: A Qualitative Research","volume":"9","author":"A \u00dcst\u00fcnda\u011f","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of International Scientific Researches"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref075","article-title":"SIECUS Position Statements","author":"S Siecus","year":"2018","journal-title":"SIECUS"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240907400202","article-title":"Normalizing heterosexuality: mothers\u2019 assumptions, talk, and strategies with young children","volume":"74","author":"KA Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"77","key":"pone.0340776.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.29228\/JASSS.32700","article-title":"Investigation of the relationship between parents \u2019childhood assessment and child breeding attitudes","volume":"77","author":"E Bi\u0307rli\u0307K","year":"2019","journal-title":"JASSS"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.105","article-title":"Analysis of features of social anxiety and exploring the relationship between childhood major adverse experiences and social anxiety in early adulthood among Chinese college students","volume":"292","author":"T Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340776.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12207-017-9304-8","article-title":"Assisting the courts in understanding and connecting with experiences of disconnection: addressing trauma-related dissociation as a forensic psychologist, part I","volume":"10","author":"BL Brand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Inj and Law"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-020-09777-x","article-title":"Bullying Victimization and Adolescents\u2019 Social Anxiety: Roles of Shame and Self-Esteem","volume":"14","author":"X Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Ind Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref081","article-title":"The mediating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between social anxiety and communication skills among middle school students in China","volume":"29","author":"J Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Adolescence and Youth"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0340776.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(90)90188-W","article-title":"Social skills and self-esteem","volume":"11","author":"RE Riggio","year":"1990","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340776.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20909","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and social anxiety disorder: implications for symptom severity and response to pharmacotherapy","volume":"29","author":"LC Bruce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0340776.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22112","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and response to cognitive behavioral therapy among individuals with social anxiety disorder","volume":"30","author":"LC Bruce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/15546120902733141","article-title":"Exploring Parental Perspectives on Parent-Child Sexual Communication","volume":"4","author":"SM Ballard","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Sexuality Education"},{"key":"pone.0340776.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096516","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1096516","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of parents toward sexuality education for primary school children in China","volume":"14","author":"W Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022048","article-title":"Beyond the birds and the bees and was it good for you?: Thirty years of research on sexual communication","volume":"52","author":"ES Byers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Canadian Psychology \/ Psychologie canadienne"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340776.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758444","DOI":"10.1080\/26410397.2020.1758444","article-title":"Parent-child communication about sexual and reproductive health: perspectives of Jordanian and Syrian parents","volume":"28","author":"A Othman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Health Matters"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340776","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T18:40:48Z","timestamp":1772736048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340776"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Zafer","family":"Liman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340776","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]}}}