{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T22:50:46Z","timestamp":1770763846071,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pancreatitis-associated sepsis (PAS) caused by carbapenem-resistant bacteria poses significant clinical challenges. The objective of this research was to examine the microbial and metabolic profiles of individuals with carbapenem-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CRAB) and\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CREC) infections using integrated microbiomics and metabolomics approaches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral blood samples from 11 PAS patients (8 CRAB, 3 CREC) were analyzed using 16S rDNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics via LC-MS. Microbial diversity, community structure, and differential metabolites were examined between CRAB and CREC groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CRAB patients exhibited higher microbial diversity compared to CREC patients. p-\n                      <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                      , p-\n                      <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and p-\n                      <jats:italic>Cyanobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                      predominated in both patient groups. Significant differences in microbial composition were observed, with p-\n                      <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                      more abundant in CRAB and p-\n                      <jats:italic>Cyanobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                      in CREC samples. g-\n                      <jats:italic>Enhydrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      and s-\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella osloensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      were the biomarkers, significantly higher in CREC patients. Metabolomic analysis revealed 328 differential metabolites between groups, with the majority being downregulated in CRAB. The main categories of identified differential metabolites were amino acids and their derivatives. These differential metabolites were closely related to various metabolic pathways. The most significant metabolic difference between the two patient groups was the level of triglycerides. R-2 Methanandamide and 13-(\u03b2-D-glucosyloxy) docosanoic acid showed the highest correlation with g-\n                      <jats:italic>Enhydrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      and s-\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella osloensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In PAS patients, s-\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella osloensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a biomarker distinguishing CRAB and CREC infections, correlating with R-2 Methanandamide and 13-(\u03b2-D-glucosyloxy) docosanoic acid.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:25:39Z","timestamp":1770747939000},"page":"e0340895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated microbiomics and metabolomics analysis reveals distinct profiles in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli infections in Pancreatitis-associated sepsis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3461-8405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kongfan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongchao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0340895.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2023.08.014","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue predicts severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis in obese patients","volume":"23","author":"Y Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340895.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.09.043","article-title":"Global Incidence of Acute Pancreatitis Is Increasing Over Time: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"162","author":"JP Iannuzzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"pone.0340895.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9190","article-title":"Activated protein C in severe acute pancreatitis without sepsis? Not just yet","volume":"14","author":"M Shankar-Hari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0340895.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.10.012","article-title":"The immunology of sepsis","volume":"54","author":"T van der Poll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"pone.0340895.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628302","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.628302","article-title":"Sepsis-Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Concepts","volume":"8","author":"D Jarczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0340895.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41424-018-0056-x","article-title":"Infected Pancreatic Necrosis due to Multidrug-Resistant Organisms and Persistent Organ failure Predict Mortality in Acute Pancreatitis","volume":"9","author":"Jain S, Mahapatra SJ, Gupta S, Shalimar, Garg PK","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pone.0340895.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-018-1464-9","article-title":"Gastrointestinal microecology: a crucial and potential target in acute pancreatitis","volume":"23","author":"M-E Cen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"pone.0340895.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940532","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.940532","article-title":"Pancreatic colonization of fungi in the development of severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"12","author":"Y Otsuka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"pone.0340895.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.36347\/sajb.2025.v13i03.007","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with MDR and CR Acinetobacter baumannii Carriage among ICU Patients Hospitalized at Hospitals in Pakistan","volume":"13","author":"A Rafique","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sch Acad J Biosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0340895.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.013","article-title":"Management of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections","volume":"25","author":"E Durante-Mangoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340895.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.02.004","article-title":"Population genomic analysis reveals the emergence of high-risk carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli among ICU patients in China","volume":"86","author":"R Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340895.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04010-22","article-title":"Epidemiology and Genetic Characteristics of Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli in Chinese Intensive Care Unit Analyzed by Whole-Genome Sequencing: a Prospective Observational Study","volume":"11","author":"Y Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0340895.ref013","first-page":"1076","article-title":"Control of healthcare-associated carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii by enhancement of infection control measures","volume":"11","author":"SC Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"JA"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0340895.ref014","first-page":"409","article-title":"Sepsis: Diagnosis and Management","volume":"101","author":"R Gauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0340895.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005357","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021","volume":"49","author":"L Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340895.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.01202-20","article-title":"Primer, Pipelines, Parameters: Issues in 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing","volume":"6","author":"I Abellan-Schneyder","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340895.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00053-19","article-title":"Performance and Application of 16S rRNA Gene Cycle Sequencing for Routine Identification of Bacteria in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory","volume":"33","author":"DL Church","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340895.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73403-7","article-title":"Non-specific amplification of human DNA is a major challenge for 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis","volume":"10","author":"SP Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340895.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab346","article-title":"Considerations and best practices in animal science 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing microbiome studies","volume":"100","author":"MD Weinroth","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"pone.0340895.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03736-w","article-title":"Initial antimicrobial management of sepsis","volume":"25","author":"MS Niederman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340895.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00816-9","article-title":"Signaling pathways and intervention therapies in sepsis","volume":"6","author":"Y-Y Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340895.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82726-y","article-title":"Comparison between 16S rRNA and shotgun sequencing data for the taxonomic characterization of the gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"F Durazzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0340895.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04228-23","article-title":"Clinical risk factors and outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli nosocomial infections in a Chinese teaching hospital: a retrospective study from 2013 to 2020","volume":"12","author":"H Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"pone.0340895.ref024","first-page":"1","article-title":"Carbapenem resistance, inappropriate empiric treatment and outcomes among patients hospitalized with Enterobacteriaceae urinary tract infection, pneumonia and sepsis","volume":"17","author":"MD Zilberberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bid"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0340895.ref025","article-title":"Sodium Butyrate-Loaded Microspheres With Enhanced Bioavailability for Targeted Treatment of Intestinal Barrier Injury","volume":"14","author":"Y Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"pone.0340895.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177314","article-title":"Octreotide attenuates experimental severe acute pancreatitis through inhibiting pyroptosis and modulating intestinal homeostasis","volume":"994","author":"M Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340895.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02338-0","article-title":"HEX-1 reduces colitis-driven colorectal cancer via inactivating the prolyl isomerase PIN1 sensitization and remodeling the gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Y Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340895.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2276","article-title":"Quality-filtering vastly improves diversity estimates from Illumina amplicon sequencing","volume":"10","author":"NA Bokulich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"pone.0340895.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0340895.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.14.19","article-title":"Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Pathological Changes of Lens and Retina in Diabetic Mice","volume":"65","author":"Y Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340895.ref031","article-title":"Integrated Metabolomics and Proteomics Analysis of the Myocardium in a Mouse Model of Acute Viral Myocarditis","volume":"13","author":"Y Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340895.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58476-0","article-title":"Zero-field Hall effect emerging from a non-Fermi liquid in a collinear antiferromagnet V1\/3NbS2","volume":"16","author":"MK Ray","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0340895.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10040133","article-title":"Proteobacteria Overgrowth and Butyrate-Producing Taxa Depletion in the Gut Microbiota of Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1 Patients","volume":"10","author":"C Ceccarani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"pone.0340895.ref034","article-title":"Bacteremia caused by Moraxella osloensis: a fatal case of an immunocompromised patient and literature review","volume":"1","author":"MY Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Lab"},{"key":"pone.0340895.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2022.e01450","article-title":"Moraxella osloensis bacteremia, a case series and review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"J Koleri","year":"2022","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0340895.ref036","article-title":"A rare case of acute meningitis caused by Moraxella osloensis","volume":"30","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Therapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0340895.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.14740\/ijcp483","article-title":"Moraxella osloensis Bacteremia and Pneumonia in a Seventeen-Year-Old Patient","volume":"11","author":"HW Richards","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0340895.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3455","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00551","article-title":"Binding Modes and Selectivity of Cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and Cannabinoid 2 (CB2) Receptor Ligands","volume":"11","author":"J-F Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0340895.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2244-8855","article-title":"Affinin, Isolated from Heliopsis longipes, Induces an Antihypertensive Effect That Involves CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors and TRPA1 and TRPV1 Channel Activation","volume":"90","author":"BA Luz-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"pone.0340895.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702675","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.702675","article-title":"Pharmacological Properties, Therapeutic Potential and Molecular Mechanisms of JWH133, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Agonist","volume":"12","author":"HM Hashiesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0340895.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergencyto.2008.05.011","article-title":"High expression of vanilloid receptor-1 is associated with better prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"186","author":"X Miao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Genet Cytogenet"},{"key":"pone.0340895.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61117-9_158","article-title":"13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-glucosyltransferase.","volume-title":"Enzyme Handbook 12: Class 232 \u2014 24 Transferases","author":"D Schomburg","year":"1996"},{"key":"pone.0340895.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wheeler CE, Coleman SS, Hoyd R, Denko L, Chan CH, Churchman ML, et al. The tumor microbiome as a predictor of outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. 2023.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.05.24.542123"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0340895.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1189","article-title":"Ceramide is involved in r(+)-methanandamide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human neuroglioma cells","volume":"64","author":"R Ramer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340895","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:25:52Z","timestamp":1770747952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340895"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rajesh P.","family":"Shastry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0340895","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]}}}