{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:56:27Z","timestamp":1780408587615,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015045","name":"Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAFGH_D_114031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAFGH_D_114031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study investigates the ethanolic extract of the sea urchin\n                    <jats:italic>Temnopleurus toreumaticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (test and spine) for its larvicidal efficacy against\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    , cytotoxicity, and\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    interactions supporting potential antimalarial and antiviral activities. Zoochemical profiling by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed the presence of functional groups, while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified 24 bioactive compounds with insecticidal and enzyme-inhibitory properties. The extract exhibited strong larvicidal (LC\u2085\u2080\u2009=\u2009164.18 \u00b5g\/mL) and pupicidal (LC\u2085\u2080\u2009=\u2009209.91 \u00b5g\/mL) effects on\n                    <jats:italic>A. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    in a concentration\u2011dependent manner, supported by significant acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC\u2085\u2080\u2009=\u2009151.49 \u00b5g\/mL). Morphological examinations showed epithelial disorganization and structural damage in treated larvae and pupae.\n                    <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    docking confirmed that the identified zoochemicals exhibited binding affinities ranging from \u20137 to \u20138 kcal\/mol for juvenile hormone binding protein (PDB 5V13), \u20135 to \u20136 kcal\/mol for acetylcholinesterase (PDB 1DX4), \u20134 to \u20135 kcal\/mol for\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    lactate dehydrogenase (PDB 1CEQ), and \u20134 to \u20135 kcal\/mol for chikungunya nsP2 protease (PDB 3TRK), indicating their multitarget larvicidal, antimalarial, and antiviral potential. Yeast cell-based assays indicated cytotoxic activity (EC\u2085\u2080\u2009=\u2009159.27 \u00b5g\/mL) with a strong dose-response relationship. Overall, the ethanolic extract of\n                    <jats:italic>T. toreumaticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a promising lead for next\u2011generation, environmentally safe biocontrol agents targeting vector\u2011borne diseases such as malaria and chikungunya, while clearly emphasizing that the antiviral and antimalarial properties are currently supported only by\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    evidence and require further\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    validation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:22:31Z","timestamp":1769192551000},"page":"e0341080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In silico evaluation of bioactive compounds from the sea urchin Temnopleurus toreumaticus: Potential multifunctional agents against mosquito vectors and tropical pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9521-4261","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karnan","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senthil","family":"Bakthavatchalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0114-7103","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Velavan","family":"Sivanandham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2182-4292","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shunmuga Vadivu","family":"Ramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pitchaimuthu","family":"Mariappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8451-9832","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Renganathan","family":"Senthil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandramohan","family":"Govindasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid S.","family":"Al-Numair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramachandran","family":"Vinayagam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hong","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1367-1757","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hsien-Kuo","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0341080.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2025.101271","article-title":"Strengthening resilience to emerging vector-borne diseases in Europe: lessons learnt from countries facing endemic transmission","volume":"53","author":"GEC Charnley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"pone.0341080.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2024.105710","article-title":"Dengue virus: etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, and developments in diagnosis and control - a comprehensive review","volume":"127","author":"M Pourzangiabadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341080.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13020162","article-title":"Plant-based bioinsecticides for mosquito control: impact on insecticide resistance and disease transmission","volume":"13","author":"M\u015e \u015eeng\u00fcl Demirak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insects"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341080.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03367-9","article-title":"Recent trends in global insecticide use for disease vector control and potential implications for resistance management","volume":"11","author":"H van den Berg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341080.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/md14020020","article-title":"Larvicidal potential of the halogenated sesquiterpene (+)-obtusol, isolated from the alga Laurencia dendroidea J. 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