{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T19:20:59Z","timestamp":1770924059237,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To promote rational drug use in developing countries, it is important to assess drug use patterns. This study assessed the drug prescription patterns of the family medicine clinic at the Outpatient Pharmacy of the University of Ghana Medical Centre using the World Health Organization\u2019s drug use indicators. An analytic, cross-sectional survey with data extracted from patient\u2019s electronic medical records was carried out. Questionnaires were given to all prescribers in the family medicine clinic to evaluate factors related to rational medicine use. Frequencies and percentages were employed for description with further analysis, including Zero-inflated Poisson regression and logistic regression, used to determine associations between variables with a 95% confidence interval. Of the 600 participants whose prescriptions were analyzed, 367 (61.17%) were male and 233 (38.83%) were female. The prescribers interviewed were 3 males and 7 females. The mean number of medications per prescription was 1.4 (SD\u2009=\u20091.61), with antibiotics and injections making up 12.74% (n\u2009=\u2009107) and 4.17% (n\u2009=\u200935) respectively. Generic prescriptions were 34.88% (n\u2009=\u2009293) and those from the Essential Medicines List (EML) were 72.38% (n\u2009=\u2009608). Prescriptions with a record of diagnosis were 50.83% (n\u2009=\u2009305). Patients with comorbidities were shown to have a 52.2% lower prevalence rate of the total number of medications prescribed compared to those without comorbidities (p-value &lt;0.001). Female patients have 46.4% reduced odds of being prescribed an antibiotic compared to male patients (p-value 0.012). The odds of a patient with a chronic condition being prescribed an antibiotic is 93.2% more than that of a patient without a chronic condition (p-value\u2009=\u20090.025). Additionally, the prevalence of drugs prescribed from the EML for a patient with a chronic condition is 74.4% lower than that prescribed for patients without a chronic condition (p-value\u2009=\u20090.048). There was moderate adherence to rational prescribing. Three prescribing indicators met reference standards, these were: average number of medicines per encounter, percentage of prescriptions with an injectable and percentage of encounters with antibiotics. Rational drug prescribing may be enhanced through training, guidelines, EML distribution, drug and therapeutics committee support and integrated Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T18:32:45Z","timestamp":1770921165000},"page":"e0341088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of adherence to the World Health Organization\u2019s prescribing indicators at the family medicine clinic of a quaternary facility"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3793-4855","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nana Ama Buadiba","family":"Osei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9966-4663","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel Freeman Owusu","family":"Ansah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kofi Bedu","family":"Tetteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela Appiah","family":"Kuffuor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fareeda Serwaa","family":"Brobbey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bismark","family":"Sarfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0341088.ref001","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Assessment of drug use pattern using world health organization prescribing indicators in a tertiary care hospital in mangalore: A cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"AS Ragam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0341088.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2147\/DHPS.S237021","article-title":"Rational Drug-Use Evaluation Based on World Health Organization Core Drug-Use Indicators in a Tertiary Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"12","author":"DB Mamo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Healthc Patient Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341088.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.179352","article-title":"A closer look at the World Health Organization\u2019s prescribing indicators","volume":"7","author":"R Ofori-Asenso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Pharmacother"},{"key":"pone.0341088.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20503121211025146","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211025146","article-title":"Irrational drug use and its associated factors at Debre Markos Referral Hospital\u2019s outpatient pharmacy in East Gojjam, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"L Melku","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"pone.0341088.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3809157","article-title":"Assessment of drug prescription pattern in Mekelle General Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia, using World Health Organization prescribing indicators","volume":"2020","author":"Z Yilma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0341088.ref006","unstructured":"Birkett D, de Smet P, Ofori-Adjei D, Trolin I, Bergman U, Str\u00f8m H, et al. 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