{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T12:43:38Z","timestamp":1775479418238,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"KUNIMINE INDUSTRIES Co., Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bentonite, a naturally occurring clay mineral, is widely used for detoxifying mycotoxins and chemical contaminants, yet its potential interactions with microorganisms remain poorly characterized. Staphylococci, including\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in humans and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    in dogs, are major contributors to impetigo or pyoderma and other skin diseases, with rising antibiotic resistance underscoring the need for novel preventive strategies. This study investigated whether sodium bentonite directly modulates staphylococcal growth and associated inflammatory responses\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In bacterial culture assays, sodium bentonite showed a strong binding affinity for staphylococci, leading to significant reductions in viable colony counts. Pre-treatment of\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    with bentonite attenuated keratinocyte injury and markedly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, including IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2. In a murine pyoderma model, bentonite pre-treatment of\n                    <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevented lesion development, reduced bacterial burden, and downregulated cutaneous expression of TNF\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-13, findings that were corroborated by histological improvements. Importantly, these effects extended to methicillin-resistant strains, highlighting a potential application against drug-resistant staphylococcal infections. By contrast, direct topical administration of bentonite gel in a murine atopic dermatitis model produced only modest benefits: ear swelling was reduced, but transepidermal water loss and clinical scores remained unchanged, suggesting limited therapeutic value in established chronic inflammatory conditions. Overall, sodium bentonite does not exhibit intrinsic bactericidal or anti-inflammatory properties but exerts protective effects through direct bacterial binding and subsequent inhibition of staphylococcus-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation. These findings identify sodium bentonite as a safe, non-antibiotic preventive option for staphylococci-associated skin diseases, particularly pyoderma, in both humans and companion animals. Future studies should further explore formulation strategies and delivery methods to optimize its clinical utility.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:36:35Z","timestamp":1769193395000},"page":"e0341148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preventive effect of bentonite against pyoderma via direct binding capability of staphylococci"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mao","family":"Kaneki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiharu","family":"Ohira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miyu","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3510-3272","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tomoki","family":"Fukuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341148.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.08.001","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus from atopic dermatitis skin alters cytokine production triggered by monocyte-derived Langerhans cell","volume":"88","author":"K Iwamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0341148.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15640","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus causes aberrant epidermal lipid composition and skin barrier dysfunction","volume":"78","author":"J Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341148.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01375-z","article-title":"Staphylococcal phosphatidylglycerol antigens activate human T cells via CD1a","volume":"24","author":"GC Monnot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341148.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.037","article-title":"Immunity to the microbiota promotes sensory neuron regeneration","volume":"186","author":"M Enamorado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341148.ref005","first-page":"117","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic detection of multi drug resistant coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. isolates from canine pyoderma","volume":"25","author":"K Shobha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran J Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0341148.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.04.002","article-title":"What has changed in canine pyoderma? 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