{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T02:03:01Z","timestamp":1777773781699,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eary Independence Award NIH","award":["DP5-OD028155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP5-OD028155"]}]},{"name":"Bill Gatton Foundation"},{"name":"Hatch Project","award":["7000570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7000570"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clinical characterization of bed bug (\n                      <jats:italic>Cimex<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.) bite manifestations remains limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review synthesizes case reports to describe dermatological, systemic, and psychological outcomes of bed bug bites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Evidence review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Following PRISMA guidelines, multiple databases, including Pubmed and Scopus, were searched using terms such as \u201cbed bug,\u201d \u201c\n                      <jats:italic>Cimex lectularius<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\u201d \u201c\n                      <jats:italic>Cimex hemipterus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\u201d \u201ccase report,\u201d and \u201ccase series.\u201d Extracted data included demographics, species, lesion type, anatomical distribution, and clinical manifestations. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty-four patients were included: 76 with\n                      <jats:italic>C. lectularius<\/jats:italic>\n                      (90.5%) and, 8 with\n                      <jats:italic>C. hemipterus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (9.5%). Sex distribution was balanced (47.6% females, 52.4% males), and mean ages were similar (females 37.5\u2009\u00b1\u200922.1, males 42.3\u2009\u00b1\u200921.27\u00a0years; p\u2009=\u20090.332). Extremities were commonly affected, arms were reported in 71.4% of cases, legs in 59.5% and trunk in 34.5%. Psychological symptoms were registered in a handful of case reports (Anxiety 9.5%, Stress 9.5%, Hopelessness 9.5%). Systemic symptoms, generally associated with anemia, were reported in cases related to severe infestations in neglected patients. Some differences in systemic and local signs and symptoms were detected depending on age group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bed bug bites predominantly affect exposed extremities, although with variable dermatologic patterns that can be confused with other arthropod bites. Psychological manifestations were reported in a small subset of cases, while systemic complications were rare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:28:46Z","timestamp":1777483726000},"page":"e0341398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical manifestations of bed bug bites: A systematic review of case reports"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1861-4601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julian Felipe","family":"Porras-Villamil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary C.","family":"DeVries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0341398.ref001","volume-title":"Bed bug biology and behavior","author":"DM Miller","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119171539.ch16","article-title":"Bed bug biology","volume-title":"Advances in the biology and management of modern bed bugs","author":"SE Evison","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.4182\/BQCN5049","volume-title":"Monograph of Cimicidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera)","author":"RL Usinger","year":"1966"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0341398.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12070578","article-title":"Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Population Diversity and First Record of Cimex hemipterus in Paris","volume":"12","author":"D Chebbah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref005","unstructured":"Fa\u00fandez E. Chinches (Insecta: Heteroptera) sinantr\u00f3picos y hemisinantr\u00f3picos de importancia m\u00e9dica y sanitaria en Chile. presented at: Noches de Cuarentena y Con-Ciencia. 2020; Chile. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2kbh69h4Chile"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref006","unstructured":"Potter M, Rosenberg B, Henriksen M. Bugs without borders, defining the global bed bug resurgence. presented at: Pestworld. 2010. https:\/\/npmapestworld.org\/default\/assets\/file\/publicpolicy\/executivesummaryreleasetomembersfinal.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0341398.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(14)60795-7","article-title":"Bedbugs, Cimex spp.: their current world resurgence and healthcare impact","volume":"5","author":"A Zorrilla-Vaca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref008","first-page":"175","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in the bed bug: a factor in the pest\u2019s sudden resurgence?","volume":"44","author":"A Romero","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05015-11","article-title":"Bed bugs: clinical relevance and control options","volume":"25","author":"SL Doggett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119171539","volume-title":"Advances in the biology and management of modern bed bugs","author":"SL Doggett","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq102","article-title":"Bedbugs and infectious diseases","volume":"52","author":"P Delaunay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700012","article-title":"Bullous allergic hypersensitivity to bed bug bites mediated by IgE against salivary nitrophorin","volume":"126","author":"M Leverkus","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref013","article-title":"Bedbug (Cimex lectularius) infestations in Colombia. Report of two cases","volume":"9","author":"JF Porras-Villamil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref014","article-title":"Severe infestation by tropical bedbugs (Cimex hemipterus) in Medell\u00edn, Colombia","volume":"10","author":"JF Porras-Villamil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0341398.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-015-0713-8","article-title":"The mental health impact of bed bug infestations: a scoping review","volume":"60","author":"R Ashcroft","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.08.010","article-title":"Psychological effects of bed bug attacks (Cimex lectularius L.)","volume":"125","author":"J Goddard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0341398.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjac131","article-title":"Histamine excretion by the common bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)","volume":"59","author":"S Gaire","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref018","first-page":"880163180","article-title":"Spatial distribution of histamine in bed bug-infested homes","author":"JM Gordon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref019","first-page":"792","volume-title":"Medical and veterinary entomology","author":"GR Mullen","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref020","unstructured":"Edwards J, Denham J, Lee D, Nanjappa S, Gnage J, Greene J. Bed bugs in clinical settings: case report and literature review [published online September 14, 2018]. Infectious Diseases Consultant."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref021","first-page":"141","article-title":"Two clinical cases of bed bug bites (en japon\u00e9s)","volume":"48","author":"M Ohtaki","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Japan Organ Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0341398.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000450430.97383.64","article-title":"JBI\u2019s Systematic Reviews: Study selection and critical appraisal","volume":"114","author":"K Porritt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.04.026","article-title":"CARE guidelines for case reports: explanation and elaboration document","volume":"89","author":"DS Riley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref024","first-page":"26","article-title":"Sniffing out bed bugs: A clinical case and update. Conference Abstract","volume":"163","author":"J Felton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brit J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref025","first-page":"31","article-title":"What\u2019s eating you? bedbugs","volume":"103","author":"J Chittoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341398.ref026","article-title":"Bugs Bugging the Body and the Brain: A Case of a Bed Bug Infestation Progressing to Delusions of Parasitosis Treated With Clozapine","volume":"17","author":"D Hahn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0341398.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12788\/cutis.0020","article-title":"Don\u2019t let the bedbugs bite: an unusual presentation of bedbug infestation resulting in life-threatening anemia","volume":"105","author":"SE Kessler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2013.08.059","article-title":"Cimex \u201cliketolickus\u201d. Short survey","volume":"46","author":"B Ladizinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0341398.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13688","article-title":"Don\u2019t Let the BEDBUGS Bite: An Overlooked Cause of Rash in an Older Adult","volume":"63","author":"J Laks","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0341398.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-231266","article-title":"Petechial cimicosis in a patient on aspirin 81\u2009mg, clopidogrel and warfarin","volume":"12","author":"MS Lundin","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref031","article-title":"ATYPICAL LINEAR CONFIGURATION OF BEDBUG BITES IN AN EIGHT-YEAR-OLD BOY: A Case Report and Overview of Cimicosis","volume":"13","author":"J Monroe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"issue":"520","key":"pone.0341398.ref032","first-page":"887","article-title":"Good night, sleep tight, don\u2019t let the bed bugs bite","volume":"55","author":"N Pandey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0341398.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.08.105","article-title":"M036 bed bug hypersensitivity mimicking urticarial vasculitis","volume":"123","author":"M Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00696","article-title":"Body lice and bed bug co-infestation in an emergency department patient, Ohio, USA","volume":"19","author":"JE Pietri","year":"2020","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341398.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12332","article-title":"The eyelid sign: a clue to bed bug bites","volume":"31","author":"KA Quach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2011.08.001","article-title":"Psychiatric consequences of actual versus feared and perceived bed bug infestations: a case series examining a current epidemic","volume":"53","author":"E Rieder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0341398.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000002792","article-title":"Nonbullous Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis in a Patient With Bedbugs","volume":"46","author":"R Brudnik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0001044072.15113.fe","article-title":"S3676\u2003Parasite Sufficiency Anemia: A Mysterious Cause of Iron Deficiency Anemia","volume":"119","author":"K Scholten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0341398.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2009.01025.x","article-title":"Diffuse clusters of vesicles on the face and extremities of a 10-month-old girl","volume":"26","author":"RD Straub","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341398.ref040","article-title":"27969 Good night, sleep tight, don\u2019t let the Cimex bite","volume":"85","author":"L Zeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0341398.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2777-6","article-title":"Bed bugs can cause severe anaemia in adults","volume":"110","author":"M Paulke-Korinek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref042","author":"LGG Nascimento","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20153214","article-title":"Bed bug dermatitis, description of two cases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"90","author":"F Bernardes Filho","year":"2015","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref044","article-title":"Bedbugs: Unwelcome Travel Companions","volume":"52","author":"A Eyer-Silva W de","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0791-2020","article-title":"New pandemic, old bugs: A case of cimicosis (Bed Bug) in a neglected elderly patient during the coronavirus disease quarantine","volume":"54","author":"G Dellatorre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962011000100028","article-title":"Cimid\u00edase (dermatose por percevejo): uma causa de prurigo a ser lembrada","volume":"86","author":"PR Criado","year":"2011","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref047","article-title":"Erythematous papular rash after international travel","volume":"51","author":"LAd Moura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Patol Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref048","first-page":"177","article-title":"Dermatitis and arthropods (Anobium punctatum and Cimex lectularius) in summer: three case reports","volume":"71","author":"C Darles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Biol Clin (Paris)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0341398.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14341","article-title":"Bed bug bites","volume":"33","author":"P Delaunay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104564","article-title":"Severe anemia due to bed bugs hyperinfestation","volume":"149","author":"A Izri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw253","article-title":"Systemic Reactions Caused by Bed Bug Bites","volume":"63","author":"C Phan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref052","first-page":"255","article-title":"Bed bugs bites","volume":"44","author":"P Bilan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2009.10.185","article-title":"Bedbug dermatitis (Cimex lectularius)","volume":"137","author":"A Levy Bencheton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref054","first-page":"65","article-title":"Allergic reactions and dermatitis to common bed bug bites: A case report from ahvaz, Southwest Iran","volume":"20","author":"I Alizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iranian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0341398.ref055","first-page":"7636","article-title":"The social impacts of bedbug infestation as an emerging public health issue: a case report","volume":"11","author":"I Alizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electr Phys"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0341398.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090482","article-title":"Cases: Severe anemia from bedbugs","volume":"181","author":"MJ Pritchard","year":"2009","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0341398.ref057","first-page":"43","article-title":"Otitis from the common bedbug","volume":"5","author":"N Cimolai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.883926","article-title":"Suicide following an infestation of bed bugs","volume":"14","author":"S Burrows","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxx173","article-title":"Pruritic erythematous papules in a previously well teenager","volume":"23","author":"AKC Leung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341398.ref060","first-page":"142","article-title":"Reactions and complications to bites. Bedbug, Cimex lectularius","volume":"74","author":"Y Yurumez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref061","article-title":"Common papules with uncommon cause","volume":"7","author":"J It\u00e4mies","year":"2009","journal-title":"Internet J Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0341398.ref062","first-page":"999","article-title":"Disseminated bullous eruptions: bed bugs!","volume":"22","author":"M Egg","year":"2024","journal-title":"JDDG J German Soc Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0341398.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2003.00778.x","article-title":"Disseminated bullous eruption with systemic reaction caused by Cimex lectularius","volume":"17","author":"K Liebold","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0341398.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdvl.IJDVL_791_17","article-title":"Entomodermoscopy: A tool for hunting bed bug","volume":"85","author":"D Jakhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0341398.ref065","first-page":"388","article-title":"A case of imported bedbug (Cimex lectularius) infestation in Israel","volume":"10","author":"KY Mumcuoglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2006.12.002","article-title":"Bedbug infestations recorded in Central Italy","volume":"56","author":"M Masetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341398.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.54044\/RAMI.2021.03.08","article-title":"Bed bug infestations: a case report in an urban environment of central italy and effectiveness of steam treatment against cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)","volume":"80","author":"RA Papini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15876","article-title":"Infestation by the tropical bedbug Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): first report in Italy","volume":"34","author":"P Masini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0341398.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13625","article-title":"Bed bug dermatitis: detection dog as a useful survey tool for environmental research of Cimex lectularius","volume":"56","author":"P Masini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v102.753","article-title":"Characteristic Linear and Zigzag Purpuric Lesions in a Patient with Long-term and Repeated Exposure to Bedbug Bites","volume":"102","author":"A Orita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341398.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12938","article-title":"Dermoscopy is useful for bed bug (Cimex lectularius) bites","volume":"30","author":"T Shirato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0341398.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2008.46.4.269","article-title":"Reemergence of the bedbug Cimex lectularius in Seoul, Korea","volume":"46","author":"I-Y Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341398.ref073","first-page":"168","article-title":"Bedbug bites: a case report and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Y Bello-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermat Cosm\u00e9t M\u00e9d Quir\u00farg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341398.ref074","first-page":"168","article-title":"Pr\u00farigo de llegada: caso cl\u00ednico de cimiciasis y revisi\u00f3n de la literatura","volume":"15","author":"Y Bello-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Cosm\u00e9t M\u00e9d Quir\u00farg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2165\/11311140-000000000-00000","article-title":"Recurrent episodes of painful and pruritic red skin lesions","volume":"11","author":"PR Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0341398.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.7241\/ourd.20154.126","article-title":"Skin reaction to bed bugs bite reflecting erythema multiforme. Case report","volume":"6","author":"M Andres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Our Dermatol Online"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0341398.ref077","first-page":"281","article-title":"Bed bug bites mimicking bullous pemphigoid: A report of two cases","volume":"103","author":"A Wieczorek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Dermatol"},{"issue":"9256","key":"pone.0341398.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04057-5","article-title":"Bats in the belfry, bugs in the bed?","volume":"357","author":"AS Whyte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0307-6938.2001.00967.x","article-title":"Widespread bullous eruption due to multiple bed bug bites","volume":"27","author":"CL Fletcher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0341398.ref080","first-page":"448","article-title":"Insect bites initially diagnosed as varicella","volume":"50","author":"D Morgado-Carrasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aten Primaria"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1159\/000266039","article-title":"Ectoparasites from feral pigeons affecting humans","volume":"220","author":"D Haag-Wackernagel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0341398.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm060268","article-title":"Images in clinical medicine. Bedbug bites","volume":"359","author":"A Stucki","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref083","article-title":"Vasculitis induced by bedbugs: About a case. Conference Abstract","volume":"12","author":"Y Soua","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dermatol Nurses' Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0341398.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475417716330","article-title":"Bed Bug Bites Limited to Exposed Skin","volume":"21","author":"W General","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref085","article-title":"Who let the bedbugs out?","volume":"351","author":"ML Lovgren","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ (Online)"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref086","first-page":"54","article-title":"Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) infestations in children. Conference Abstract","volume":"39","author":"A Chiriac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0341398.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13956","article-title":"Dermoscopy, confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis of bedbug infestation","volume":"31","author":"E Cinotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref088","article-title":"Who let the bedbugs out?","author":"ML Lovgren","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0341398.ref089","first-page":"751","article-title":"Targetoid lesions in the emergency department. Bed bug bites (Cimex lectularius) with targetoid lesions on initial presentation","volume":"149","author":"L Melnick","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341398.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2005.22301.x","article-title":"The return of the common bedbug","volume":"22","author":"MC Ter Poorten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2010.0872","article-title":"Cimex lectularius--an unwelcome train attendant","volume":"20","author":"D Anders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref092","article-title":"Characteristic linear and zigzag purpuric lesions in a patient with long-term and repeated exposure to bedbug bites","author":"A Orita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Dermato-Venereol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0341398.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2019.02.002","article-title":"Man With Zosteriform Burning Rash and Respiratory Distress","volume":"56","author":"F Bernardes Filho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2020.11.003","article-title":"Detection of target-site and metabolic resistance to pyrethroids in the bed bug Cimex lectularius in Berlin, Germany","volume":"14","author":"A Vander Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2013018","article-title":"Bed bugs reproductive life cycle in the clothes of a patient suffering from Alzheimer\u2019s disease results in iron deficiency anemia","volume":"20","author":"M Sabou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107991","article-title":"Systemic illness with eosinophilia and urticaria-like rash caused by prolonged bedbug exposure","volume":"159","author":"IB Weitzel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref097","first-page":"505","article-title":"Late reaction to specific immunotherapy? Not all is allergy. Conference Abstract","volume":"73","author":"V De Luque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0341398.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.11.020","article-title":"Bullous reactions to bedbug bites reflect cutaneous vasculitis","volume":"125","author":"RD deShazo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0341398.ref099","first-page":"999","volume":"22","author":"M Egg","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref100","article-title":"Severe bullous reaction to bed bugs bites with a dermoscopic follow-up-a case report. Conference Abstract","author":"M Spalkowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dermatol Nurses' Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341398.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.1999.00467.x","article-title":"Bullous eruption due to Cimex lecticularis","volume":"24","author":"S Tharakaram","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref102","unstructured":"Kanesa-thasan A, Rau ME, Rogers E. Don't let the bed bugs bite: A case of infestation in a geriatric patient. Conference Abstract. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2020;68(SUPPL 1):S262\u20133."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0341398.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.01.009","article-title":"Unusual location for bedbugs","volume":"26","author":"S Debarbieux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2022.03.003","article-title":"Bed bug (Cimex spp.) colonization of human host","volume":"23","author":"IS Harrison","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2022.2045","article-title":"Ekbom syndrome: a case report. Conference Abstract","volume":"65","author":"D Bosnjak Kuharic","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.10.070","article-title":"Bed bugs are associated with anemia","volume":"46","author":"JM Sheele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0341398.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10050308","article-title":"Who Bites Me? A Tentative Discriminative Key to Diagnose Hematophagous Ectoparasites Biting Using Clinical Manifestations","volume":"10","author":"M Akhoundi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.107629","article-title":"Insect bite reactions","volume":"79","author":"S Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(60)90005-9","article-title":"Allergy to flea bites. 2. Investigations of flea bite sensitivity in humans","volume":"9","author":"BW Hudson","year":"1960","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341398.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2016.04.010","article-title":"Clinical categories of exaggerated skin reactions to mosquito bites and their pathophysiology","volume":"82","author":"K Tatsuno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0341398.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10901-021-09894-1","article-title":"Risk factors associated with bedbug (Cimex spp.) infestations among Hong Kong households: a cross-sectional study","volume":"37","author":"EHC Fung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hous Built Environ"},{"issue":"50","key":"pone.0341398.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.19052\/mv.vol1.iss50.5393","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis dafo de las medidas de control integrado de plagas utilizadas en el control de chinches de cama en Colombia y Espa\u00f1a","volume":"50","author":"JF Porras-Villamil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Med Vet"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref113","first-page":"77","article-title":"Bed bug survey in Dandong region of Liaoning province","volume-title":"Collect Cockroach Bed Bug Research Papers","author":"K Zhang","year":"1983"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/ae\/52.2.105","article-title":"Bed Bugs in America: A Pest Management Industry Survey","volume":"52","author":"J Gangloff-Kaufmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am Entomol"},{"issue":"09","key":"pone.0341398.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.4236\/health.2015.79130","article-title":"Prevalence, Knowledge and Self-Reported Containment Practices about Bedbugs in the Resource-Limited Setting of Ethiopia: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey","volume":"07","author":"K Karunamoorthi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref116","unstructured":"Station SHDHaEP. Shanghai Huangpu District Health and Epidemic Prevention Station. Report on bed bug survey and control in Huangpu district, Shanghai. In Chinese. In: X.Y Hu TLL, X.F. Jiang, et al., ed. Collection of Cockroach and Bed Bug Research Papers. National Cooperative Group for Controlling Four Main Urban Pests. vol. 1. 1983. p. 168\u201372."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(15)60982-3","article-title":"A survey on the infestation levels of tropical bed bugs in Peninsular Malaysia: Current updates and status on resurgence of Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)","volume":"6","author":"Z Zulaikha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341398.ref118","article-title":"Swot analysis of integrated pest control measures used in bedbug control in Colombia and Spain","volume":"50","author":"JFP Villamil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Med Vet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0341398.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050505","article-title":"Chagas Cardiomyopathy: From Roma\u00f1a Sign to Heart Failure and Sudden Cardiac Death","volume":"10","author":"A Pino-Mar\u00edn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0341398.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-014-0434-9","article-title":"Recent advances in clinical parasitology diagnostics","volume":"16","author":"CP Yansouni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341398.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3903-z","article-title":"Distribution, genetic characteristics and public health implications of Triatoma rubrofasciata, the vector of Chagas disease in Guangxi, China","volume":"13","author":"Y Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0341398.ref122","article-title":"First case report of hospital staff infestation with cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) in Iran","volume":"18","author":"S Amini Rarani","year":"2023","journal-title":"GMS Hyg Infect Control"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0341398","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:29:08Z","timestamp":1777483748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0341398"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jose","family":"Pietri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0341398","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}}}