{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T22:34:33Z","timestamp":1769207673365,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frailty and disability often emerge with ageing and affect quality of life. Older adults residing in Rohingya refugee camp in Bangladesh are particularly susceptible to frailty and disability due to adverse physical and social environment along with limited health and social care services available in the camp. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with frailty and disability among Rohingya older adults living in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted among older adults aged \u226560 years residing in the Rohingya refugee settlement in Bangladesh. The primary outcomes were frailty and disability, explored using the \u2018Frail Non-Disabled (FiND) questionnaire. Data were collected face-to-face during November-December 2021, using a semi-structured questionnaire. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated with frailty and disability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of participants (n\u2009=\u2009864) were aged 60\u201369 years (72.34%), male (56.25%), married (79.05%), and without formal education (89.0%). The study revealed a high prevalence of frailty (36.92%) and disability (55.21%) among the participants. The multinomial regression analysis showed that the likelihood of experiencing disability was significantly higher among participants who were aged 70\u201379 years (RRR\u2009=\u20092.65, 95% CI: 1.25, 5.66) and \u226580 years (RRR\u2009=\u20098.06, 95% CI: 1.05, 61.80), were female (RRR\u2009=\u20093.93, 95% CI: 1.88, 8.1.9), had no formal education (RRR\u2009=\u20094.34, 95% CI: 2.19, 8.63), were living in a large family (RRR\u2009=\u20091.82, 95% CI: 1.05, 3.18) and were suffering from non-communicable diseases (RRR\u2009=\u20092.36, 95% CI: 1.32, 4.22) compared to their respective counterparts. The regression analysis also revealed that frailty was significantly higher among participants who were female (RRR\u2009=\u20092.82, 95% CI: 1.34, 5.94), were suffering from non-communicable diseases (RRR\u2009=\u20092.28, 95% CI: 1.27, 4.09), and had feeling of loneliness (RRR\u2009=\u20092.16, 95% CI: 1.11, 4.22).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings underscore the need for long-term care and health promotion activities to alleviate the burden of frailty and disability among older adults in humanitarian settings. Efforts should particularly target the most vulnerable groups- older individuals (\u226580 years), women, those without formal education, those living in large families, and those with non-communicable diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:45:46Z","timestamp":1769193946000},"page":"e0341499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frailty and disability among older adults residing in Rohingya refugee camp in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Afsana","family":"Anwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmood","family":"Parvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farhan","family":"Azim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uday Narayan","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saruna","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ateeb Ahmad","family":"Parray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shovon","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5442-7147","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"ARM Mehrab","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rashidul Alam","family":"Mahumud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Irteja","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Nazmul","family":"Huda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Enamul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Probal Kumar","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abu Ansar Md","family":"Rizwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suvasish","family":"Das Shuvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6100-6076","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sabuj Kanti","family":"Mistry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0341499.ref001","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing and Health"},{"key":"pone.0341499.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/9789211543605","author":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global Trends Geneva: UNHCR"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341499.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06753-1","article-title":"Health system strengthening in fragile and conflict-affected states: a call to action","volume":"21","author":"MD Landry","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"pone.0341499.ref004","author":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0341499.ref005","author":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341499.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-022-00491-9","article-title":"Ageism, an invisible social determinant of health for older Syrian refugees in Lebanon: a service providers\u2019 perspective","volume":"16","author":"M Abi Chahine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Confl Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341499.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04067-x","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of self-reported functional status among older adults residing in the largest refugee camp of the world","volume":"23","author":"A Anwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0341499.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.22540\/JFSF-08-230","article-title":"Why are older adults living with the complexity of multiple long-term conditions, frailty and a recent deterioration in health under-served by research? 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