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Their influence on late-onset sepsis (LOS) risk remains inconclusive. The alarmin S100A8\/A9 protects from LOS by regulating innate immune responses. We examined whether aCS impact on postnatal S100A8\/A9 serum-levels and consequently on LOS risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a prospective birth-cohort study of 162 preterm infants born before 32 gestational weeks, we determined postnatal S100A8\/A9 serum-levels in relation to the timing of aCS and LOS incidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>aCS administration within 7 days before birth decreased LOS incidence in infants born via primary C-section compared to infants not exposed to aCS (5\/69 (7.2%) vs. 4\/27 (14.8%)). This effect was linked to increased S100A8\/A9 levels, with nocturnal aCS administration being most effective. Opposite, S100A8\/A9 levels were lower and the LOS incidence higher compared to unexposed infants (7\/23 (30.4%) vs. 4\/27 (14.8%)) when aCS were administered more than 14 days before delivery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data suggest that aCS administration affects the risk of LOS in preterm infants in dependence of the timing of administration by influencing the infant\u2019s S100A8\/A9 levels. This underlines the importance of optimal timing of aCS facing imminent preterm birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T18:21:40Z","timestamp":1769538100000},"page":"e0341544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["S100-alarmins, antenatal corticosteroids and the risk of late-onset sepsis in preterm infants: A prospective cohort 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